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5^571 



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A^ A, A. S. 



HAND-BOOK 



MINNEAPOLIS, 



PREPARED FOR THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING 
OF THE 



American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, 



Minneapolis, Minn.,- August 15-22, 1883. 









^- 15 



r 




TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Parte 

Part I.— The History of Minnesota from IHKi to 1>(>^3 ^^ 

Chapter 1— Pre-Territorial History » 

" 2 Territorial History 8 

" 3— State History 11 

Part II.— Physical Features, Geology anp Mineralogy of Minnesota 1.5 

Chapter 4— Physical Features 15 

" .5— Stratigraphic Geology 20 

" a— Mineralogy 27 

Part III.— Statistics o* Population, Agriculture, and Railway Extension 

IN THE State of Minnesota :u 

Chapter 7 -Population :!l 

•' 8— Agriculture XI 

" 9— Railway Extension 3.5 

Part IV.— History of the City of Minneapolis and its Surroundings. 



Chapter 10— The Discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony ;W 

11— The Physical Features, Geology, etc.. of the City of Minneapolis. . 12 

12— The Settlement and Growth of the City f)f Minneapolis 5:5 

13— The Population of Minneapolis 57 

U— The Wheat Market of Minneapolis .59 

15— The Manufacture of Flour 61 

16— The Lum'-er Mills 62 

" 17— General Manufactures 63 

18— Wholesale and Retail Trade 67 

19-Real Estate 6i» 

*' 20— Building in Minneapolis 70 

" 21— Banking Business 72 

" 2 —The Chamber of Commerce and The Board of Trade 73 

" 23— Rail way Systems Centering in Minneapolis 7+ 

Part v.— The Principal Features of Minneapolis 81 

Chapter 21— Minneapolis Street System 82 

25-Bridges 84 

" 26 -City Sewer System 85 

27— City Water-supply 86 

28-Public Buildings 88 

29— Parks and Public Grounds 89 

" 30— Minneapolis Fire Department 91 

31— Police Service 91 

" 32 — Sanitary System 92 

33-Hospitalsof theCity 93 

'• 34— Benevolent Institutions 95 

" 3.5— Churches 96 

" 36— Educational Institutions 97 

(at The State University 97 

(b) The Public Schools 100 

(c) Private Schools and Seminaries 102 

" 37— Newspapers and Periodicals 103 

" 38— Libraries 105 

39-Science 10& 

40— Music and Musical Societies lotl 

Part VI.— Watering Places and Summer Resorts near Minneapolis 107 

Chapter 41— Lakes Calhoun. Harriet and Minnetonka lf'7 

42 — White Bear Lake and Minnehaha 114 

" 43— Boating, Fishing, Hunting, etc 115 

Part VII.— The Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the American Associa- 
tion FOR the Advancement of Science 117 

Chapter 44— Special Information for the Use of Members 117 

" 45— Time Table of Trains between Minneapolis and Lakes Minnetonka 

and Calhoun 120 

" 46— Arrival and Departure of General Trains 122 

'■ 47 — Officers and Members of the Local Committee and of the Sub- 
Committees 125 



PREFACE. 



Previous to the inception of this volume no concise history, either oC 
the City of Minneapolis or of tiie State of Minnesota, had ever been 
attempted. The materials at hand for its prejiaration were, therefore, of a 
very fragmentary nature, and have with difficulty been fitted together, in 
the effort to hastily frame a continuous record. Judging that the history 
of a large city is inseparable, particularly in its early years, from that of 
the commonwealth of which it forms so important a part, its designers 
have intended that the first thirty pages of the volume should serve as an 
appropriate iutrodtiction to the principal and more specific portion of the 
■work. The one is simply the natural background on which the separate 
features of the other may be more distinctly traced. The Author, in 
concluding his work, -desires to record his obligations to Pkof. N. H. 
AViNCHELL, of till State Gcolcxjii'nl Surcey, for his invaluable assistance 
in the collection and arrangement of geological and physical facts. To 
the different writers whose works he has consulted, and from whose 
stores of information he has freely drawn, he would acknowledge his 
indebtedness, en nuisne. 

Mitnx'd polls. Minmxofo. Aoyu-st 7. 1883. 



Tribune Job Dep't, Print. 



THE 



Histoiy of Minnesota, 



FROM 1640 TO 1883 



PRE-TERRITORIAL HISTORY, A. D. 1610-1849. 

jjjs'i-'W" LTHOUGH nearly two centuries and a half have elapsed since a 
•cii.SV white man's foot first trod ''The Land of the Dakotahs," Minne- 
^p^^-;^/^ sota has but thirty-four years of state and territorial history, 
and for only twenty years have the settlers held undisputed possession of 
the soil. The recognition of its natural advantages was long delayed and 
the tides of immigration long held in check by the dreaded presence of 
uncivilized Indian tribes, whose constant irruptions threatened the peace 
and safety of every homestead planted upon the border. Very slowly the 
attractions of the country overcame the settlers' fear of the savages, as 
step by step the latter relinquished their hold upon their old-time posses- 
sions, until, at last, in 1862— by the massacre of hundreds of human beings 
— they forfeited their last title to the land. 

TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION. 

The PEE-TEERiTOKiAt HisTOKY of Minnesota, a record, for the most part, of 
travel and exploration, begins with the year 1640. 

At this period, the south and southwest portions of the present state 
were occupied by bands of loways, Ottoes, Cheyennes and Omahaws; the 
whole central region west and northwest of Mille Lacs by the Dakotahs or 
Sioux; and the northeast by the Assiniboines, a separated family of the 
Dakotahs. 

FRENCH EXPLORERS. 

The neighboring territory being in the hands of France, French 
explorers were naturally the first to be tempted to the discovery of the New 
West. Accordingly, we learn that in 1640 a man named Nicolet visited the 



4 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

Dakotahs and Assiniboines, and that in 1659.Groselliers and Radisson, two 
commercial agents, crossed Lake Superior and wintered with a band of 
Dakotahs in the vicinity of Mille Lacs. 

In 1661, Kene Menard, traveling by way of the Wisconsin river, was 
doubtless the first to discover the upper Mississippi, but his loss, or death 
by violence, in the forests of the Black river, obscured the evidence of the 
fact. 

Claude Allouez, a Jesuit Father, visited the Minnesota shores of Lake 
Superior in 1665, and first reported the native name of the great river as 
-'Messipi." 

Daniel Greysolou Da Luth was the actual discoverer of Minnesota, in 
the year 1679. He entered tbe St. Louis river from Lake Superior with a 
party of eight men, and journeyed to a "great village of the Sioux," 
named Kathio, near Red Lake or Lake of the Woods, where he formally 
set up the arms of the King of France. He established the first trading 
posts in Minnesota, and traveling down the St. Croix river reached the 
Mississippi, where he met Hennepin ascending the river with a band of 
Dakotah Indians. 

Louis Hennepin, who first made the ascent of the Mississippi ,was a Fran- 
ciscan jariest of the Recollect order, a native of the Netherlands. Having 
accomjiauied La Salle's expedition to the Illinois river, he left the latter, in 
company with two men, for the purpose of exploring the Upper Missis- 
sippi. He ascended the river by boat to within a short distance of the 
great falls, whence he journeyed with the Dakotah Indians to Mille Lacs. 
Later he discovered and named the falls after St. Anthony of Padua. 

In 1683 Nicholas Perrot started a trading post in the neighborhood of 
Lake Pepin, which he revisited in 1688, when he officially laid claim to 
the country in the name of the French King. 

In 1695 Le Sueur arrived at Lake Pepin, above which he established 
another trading post. Five years later he passed the Minnesota river in 
search of copjjer, and built Fort L'Hiiillier on the Blue Earth river. 

During the early part of the eighteenth century, the constant warfare 
between the Indian tribes was repeatedly aggravated, and the traders 
suffered much in consequence. In 1755, the war between Great Britain 
and France engaged the tribes in its confiictiug interests, and added the 
horrors of savage warfare to the strife of civilized nations. 

BRITISH POSSESSIONS 1]^" MINNESOTA. 

At its close France ceded all that part of Minnesota east of a line drawn 
from the international boundary to the head of the Mississiijpi, and thence 
along the course of that river, to Great Britain; retaining the territory 



Pre-Territorial History. 5 

west of this line in her own possession, under the title of the i^rovii ce of 
Louisiane, which extended to the 49th parallel. 

In 1766 Jonathan Carver, an Englishman, visited Lake Pepin and St. 
Anthony's Falls. Thirty miles below the latter he discovered a large cave 
which took his name but has since become concealed or destroyed. He 
went up the Minnesota River as far as the Cottonwood, where he stayed 
several months. 

THE REVOLUTIONARY AVAR. 

"The War of the Revolution," says Professor Winchell,* "which 
left the east bank of the Mississippi in the possession of the United States 
and the west bank in tlie possession of the French, operated not only to 
terminate English and French exploration, but to retard that of the United 
States. It was not till after the cession of Louisiana by France that the 
Government instituted measures for the exploration of the unknown coun- 
try west of the Mississippi." 

Theyear 1783 witnessed the formation of the Northwest Fur Co., which 
proved a formidable rival for many years to the Hudson Bay Company 
Its geographer, Mr. David ThomjJson, crossed the limits of the present 
State in 1798 from the Red river of the North to Lake Superior. 

THE CESSTOX OF LOUISIAXA. 

In 1804 the cession of Louisiana by France took place and included the 
whole of Minnesota west of the Mississippi. During the following year, 
Lieutenant Z. M. Pike, with a company of soldiers, was despatched to the 
upper Mississippi country by the United States government to enforce the 
recognition of United States' authority upon the traders, to make 
treaties with the tribes, and to determine the location of military posts. 
He visited several trading establishments, and made a report of a large 
part of the country previously unknown save to the couriers dts hois of 
the fur companies. Returning he encamped on the island at the junction 
of the Minnesota and Mississip^ji rivers, and while there obtained from the 
Dakotahs a grant of land extending nine miles on either side of the Mis- 
sissippi from below the junction of the rivers to the Falls of St. Anthony. 

At the outbreak of the War of 1812 many American trading posts in 
Minnesota were surprised and taken by the British soldiers and traders in 
alliance with the Indians. At its conclusion, the United States made a 
treaty of peace with the Dakotahs, and American traders soon after 
appeared in Minnesota in larger numbers. 

The year 1818 was marked by a fiercer outbreak than usual between the 
Ojibways and Dakotahs. 

*Historical sketch of Explorations and Surveys of Minnesota, by Prof. N. H. Winchell. 



6 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

A colony of English and Swiss, founded by the Earl of Selkirk about 
1812, near Pembina, in the northwest corner of the State, which had strug- 
gled through a precarious existence, imperilled by Indian treachery, by 
flood and famine, and by the iealousies of the rival fur companies, was 
found to be encroaching upon the United States territory and was restrained 
by order of the government. 

THE ERECTION OF FORT SPELLING. 

In 1819 the authorities ordered the erection of a military post at the 
mouth of the Minnesota, and Lieut. Col. Leavenworth, with ninety-eight 
officers and men, was despatched to that point. On Sejjtember 20th, 1820^ 
the corner-stone of Fort Snelling was laid, and pending its completion the 
force encamjDed, opposite Mendota, near to an old jiost known as the Baker 
trading house. Lieut. Col. Leavenworth was relieved by Colonel Snelling 
before the fort was ready for occupation. Mrs. Snelling accompanied her 
husband, and a few days alter her arrival gave birth to the first 'white child 
born in Minnesota. She and other officers" wives were the first ladies to 
winter in the State. 

In 1823 the first steamboat, the "Virginia," navigated the Upper Mis- 
sissippi, passing up to Mendota. During the year, by order of the Gov- 
ernment, Major S. H. Long with a scientific corps, including Prof. William 
Keating, of Pennsylvania University, who made a rejjort of the expedition, 
explored the Minnesota river and fixed the United States north boundary 
line. J. C. Beltrami, an Italian political exile who had accompanied the 
expedition, having some difficulty with Major Long, severed himself from the 
force at Pembina, and moving southeastward discovered the Julian sources 
of the Mississijii^i- 

THE FIRST SETTLERS. 

About this time a number of Swiss settlers, driven soixtheast from the Sel- 
kirk settlement by flood and famine, settled near the subsequent sites of St. 
Anthony and St. Paul. They were jDractically the first settlers of Minnesota. 

In 1827 a brief but bloody strife aggravated the perpetual warfare of 
the Ojibway and Dakotah tribes. Several mission stations, notably at Lake 
Harriet and Lac qui Parle, were established by Presbyterian and inde- 
pendent missionaries in the years following 1829, but considering the 
means and labor expended upon the work they made but a slight impress- 
ion upon the native tribes. 

In 1832 Minnesota shared to some extent in the excitement occasioned 
by the Black Hawk war. During this year Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft traced 
the Mississippi river to its source in Lake Itasca, of which Mr. School- 
craft claimed to be the discoverer, notwithstanding the fact that a letter 
from Mr. Wm. Morrison to "The Historical Society of Minnesota" gives 
an account of a visit made there in 1804. 



P re-Territorial History. 7 

Two years later the iuhabitants ijresented a j^etition to Congress pray- 
ing that Minnesota be organized as a territory or attached to that of 
Michigan, and the latter alternative was temporarily chosen. 

The year 1836 is memorable for the arrival at Fort Snelling of Jean M. 
Nicollet, who made the most complete exploration of the Mississippi, 
finally determined its sources, and subsequently explored the whole 
interior of the present State. 

Treaties were made by Governor Dodge, in 1837, with the Ojibways and 
Dakotahs, by which the piue forests of the St. Croix and .its tributaries 
and all lands east of the Mississippi were ceded to the United States. A 
portion of these lands between St. Paul and Ft. Snelling was chosen for 
a military reservation from which certain settlers, who had estabished 
themselves in the meantime ujjon them, were necessarily removed. 

THE BIRTH OF CITIES. 

Upon a portion of the present site of the city of Stillwater a claim was 
made in 1840, and lumber was rafted down the St. Croix; three years later 
a more extended settlement was formed and a saw-mill built at the same 
point, ultimately determining the future of the place. • 

The first mill built in Minnesota, outside of the government military 
reservation, was erected five miles northeast of St. Paul, in 1844. 

The city of St. Paul had its beginnings in the years between 1840 and 
1847. Liquor-soiling was its earliest traffic, to the misfortune alike of 
whites and savages. A rum-shop was first opened, upon the site of the 
present principal steamboat landing, by a Frenchman called Parant, whose 
peculiar appearance gave to the jilace the euphonious name of "Pig-Eye." 
A little later a Mankato merchant settled near the same spot and erected 
the first store, Avhich was quickly followed by other small trading shops. 
As much as four years afterward (1844), it is said tliat "the site of St. Paul 
was chietly occupied by a few shanties," principally for the sale of rum to 
the soldiers and Indians. Not until 1847 was the first common school 
in Minnesota established at St. Paul, under care of Miss H. E. Bishoj). 

In the next year the Wiunebagoes very unwillingly fulfilled a treaty 
made with the government for their removal from Iowa to the region lying 
between the Sauk, Long Prairie and Crow Wing rivers in Minnesota. 

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORY. 
The principal inhabitants brought to bear, at this time, all the influence 
they possessed, at Washington, to secure a territorial organization, and on 
March 3, 1849, shortly after the admission of Wisconsin to the Union, the 
Territory of Minnesota was organized by act of Congress, and the city of 
St. Paul was named as the capital. 



Hand-Bool of Minneapolis. 



TERRITORIAL HISTORY.— A. D., 1849—1858. 



trA^pcT the time of the organization of Minnesota Territory the whole 
y^ApU of the country west of the Mississippi, from Lake Itasca to the 
X^A^ southern boundary, was still in possession of the Indians, and, 
with the exception of a few trading posts, isolated settlements, and mission 
stations, was practically unsettled by the whites. The whole population 
of the Territory, as determined by the first territorial census of 1849, num- 
bered only 4,680. 

THE IlfDIAX TEIBES 

within its borders, little influenced by missionary effort, and depraved 
by drink, had been and still were constantly engaged in petty warfare 
with each other, and in occasional robbery and murder of the white 
settlers. Undeterred either by treaties or military severity, these 
barbarities appeared to increase yearly in number, a fact not unnat- 
urally accounted for, perhaps, by the Indian's growing jealousy c>f the 
white man's encroachment uj^on his ancient domain. An attempt, 
made at this time, to obtain from them a cession of the lands west of the 
Mississippi, proved inconclusive, having no other result than the purchase 
of Lake Pepin. Hardly had the territory been organized when renewed 
hostilities were ojiened between the Ojibways and Dakotahs. 

THE PRINCIPAL CITIES 

of Minnesota were still in embryo: Minnea2:)olis, as yet, was not: St. 
Anthony held hardly the germ of its future; Stillwater was in its early, 
formative stages; and even St. Paul was yet little more than a group 
of small frame tenements, whiskey shops and log cabins. The appoint- 
ment of the latter city as the Capital of the Territory quickly brought 
jDeople to the place, and within a year it held 250 to 300 inhabitants. 

The first Minnesota newspaper was started at once, under title of " The 
Pioneer,'' by James M. Goodhue. Alexander Ramsey, the first Governor 
of the Territory, H. H. Sibley, its first delegate to Congress, and H. M. 
Rice, first United States senator after tbe admission of Minnesota to the 
Union, were among the men most instrumental in shaping the interests of 
the new Territory. 



Territorial Histori/. 



TERRITORIAL GOVERNMEXT. 



By its permaaeut organization it was divided into seven council districts, 
and an election for one delegate to Congress, nine councillors and eighteen 
representatives was ordered. The first courts were convened at Still watei, 
St. Anthony and Mendota, and tlie first Legislative Assembly created nine 
counties. During this year the site of a new military post was selected 
near Pembina. Steam navigation of the Minnesota river was commenced. 
The historical society was duly incorporated and opened its first session at 
St. Paul in January, 1850. In 1851 tbe penitentiary was placed at Still- 
water, and an act passed tbe Legislature for the creation of the University of 
Minnesota, to be situated in the neigbborhood of the Falls of St. Anthony. 

A treaty was made with the Dakotahs by which the Territory upon the 
west side of the Mississijipi, and in the valley of the Minnesota river, was 
opened to immigration. During this winter the Ojibways suffered severely 
from famine and disease. 

In 1852 Hennepin county was created, and in the year following eleven 
counties were formed in the Territory west of the Mississippi. At this 
legislative session a liquor bill, similar to that known as the "Maine Law," 
passed the Lsgislature ami was approved by the voice of the people, but 
was declared unconstitutioniil by the courts at its first application. 

At tlie beginning of President Pierce's administration, W. A. Gorman 
succeeded Alexander Ramsey as Governor of Minnesota Territory. A sup- 
posed fraud charged upon tbe late Governor and others, in the transfer of 
funds to the Dakotahs, was successfully dis^Jroved before a United States 
commission ajspointed to investigate the same. During this year the 
Dakotahs commenced their northward march to the region of the upper 
Minnesota, and a treaty was made by Governor Gorman with tbe Wiune- 
bagoes providing for their removal to another reservation. 

In 1854 the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the iucorjjoratiou of 
the Minnesota & Northwestern railroad. In the same year Congress voted 
aland grant to the Territory of Minuesata for purposes of railway con- 
struction. A month later Mr. Washburne, of Illinois, staled in Congress 
that certain claiises in this land-grant bill had been altered subsequent to 
its engrossment, and, acting upon this plea, the House repealed the bill. 
The Minnesota & Northwestern railroad, previously chartered, claimed that 
Congress had no power to repeal the act. A complaint was brought 
against the company in the United States district court, charging that it 
had cut and removed certain trees from United States property in Goodhue 
county. Judge Welch, presiding, gave a decision for the railroad company; 
the supreme court of Minnesota confirmed his decision; and the supreme 
court of the United States, to which it was carried, discontinued the case, 



10 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

in 1856, ou motion of the attorney-general. The discussion concerning 
the charter of the Minnesota & Northwestern railroad was renewed in 1855. 
The United States Senate rejected the House bill annulling the charter, and 
it was subsequently amended twice by the Minnesota Assembly. 

In 1857 considerable popular excitement was created by an abortive 
attempt to remove the seat of government from St. Paul to St. Peter. 
During this year the community Avas shocked and disturbed by the news 
of an outrage committed by a band of outlawed Indians in the southwest 
corner of the Territory, resulting in the murder of eighteen persons and the 
kidnapping of four women, two of whom were afterwards killed and two 
rescued. A general feeling of insecurity naturally followed every fresh 
evidence of lawlessness on the part of the Indians; a feeling which the 
terrible sequel of 1862 amply justified. 

ADMISSION TO THE UNION". 

The United States Senate, on February 23, 1857, passed an act author- 
izing the people of the Territory to frame a constitution with a view to the 
immediate admission of Minnesota to the Union. At the same session of 
Congress it was voted to j,rant to Minnesota certain lands, in alternate 
sections, for purposes of railroad construction. The Governor called an 
extra session of the Legislative Assembly to adopt measures necessary in 
the premises. The land-grant was disposed of and an election ordered for 
the choice of delegates to a convention charged with drafting the consti- 
tution. The election was held, and after a rupture continued for several 
weeks between the two political parties, each claiming a rightful majority, 
a form of constitution was jointly agreed upon. At the following October 
election this constitution was almost unanimously adopted by the people. 
On January 29, 1858, an act providing for the admission of Minnesota 
into the Union was introduced in the United States Senate by Mr. Douglas. 
On April 7th, following, the bill passed the Senate, soon obtained the con- 
currence of the Lower House, and receiving the signature of the President 
on May 11, 1858, Minnesota was henceforth one of the United States of 
America. 



State History. 11 



ESTATE HISTORY, 1858—1883. 



"■ilap HE early years of Minnesota's State History were times of great 
"*<^T? financial embarrassment to the new commonwealth in common 
W«>' p- with the country at large, and this embarrassment was greatly 
deepened by unfortunate legislation in aid of railroad construction. 

THE STATE RAILROAD BONDS. 

The land grant of 4,500,000 acres made by Congress for the construc- 
tion of a system of railroads was distributed to several chartered railway 
corporations, who proved unable to prosecute the required work. To 
meet the emergency, an act passed the Legislature in 1858 .submitting an 
amendment to the j^eojjle providing for the issue of 85,000,000 of State 
Railroad Bonds to these chartered roads as a public loan, conditioned 
upon partial construction to a stated extent. Despite the active exertions 
of an intelligent opposing i^arty the amendment was carried by a large 
majority. 

The railroads again failed to j^erform the reqiiired work, and $2,000,000 
worth of bonds were issued before a rail was laid. 

The Hon. H. H. Sibley, first Governor of the State, found his term of 
office, as did many of his successors, much embarrassed by these State 
loans. 

To anticipate, briefly, the history of this unfortunate question: — The 
people, in 1860, had so far realized their mistake, that they voted an 
amendment to the constitution expunging the foregoing, and prohibiting 
the further issuance of the State Railroad Bonds. Provision for the 
payment of those already issued was continually delayed and their non- 
redemption remained for twenty- tbree years a jjerpetual stumbling-block 
in the way of State legislators and executive, and a standing injury to the 
credit of the commonwealth. In 1881, after much abortive legislationr 
and largely through the persistent influence of Governor John S. Pillsbury 
and others, the State Legislature passed an act providing for the acceptance 
of terms of settlement proposed by the bondholders and the cancellation 
of outstanding bonds. Thereby the State was relieved of an impending 



12 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

accusation of repiidiatory teudencies, and freed from the onus of a too long 
threatened disgrace. 

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. 

To return to the regular course of events, — in 1858 the Legislature voted 
the establishment of three State Normal Schools, to be situated at Winona, 
St. Cloud and Maukato. In 1859 Alexander Ramsey was elected Governor 
to succeed the Hon. H. H. Sibley. During his first term of office the 
Legislature passed a bill regulating the State University, and another 
uniting the two offices of Chancellor of the University and Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, which, at a subsequent session, were again separated. 
Following the recommendations of Governor Ramsey's annual message, 
the Legislature of 1861 initiated a series of legislative acts favorably 
affecting the educational interests of the State, and inaugurated a school 
land policy, which has been amply justified by its results. 

THE VrAR OF THE REBELLION. 

At the outbreak of the Civil War Governor Ramsey was in Washington, 
and after the fall of Sumter was the first governor to offer to the President 
the military services of his State. The citizens of Minnesota quickly 
responded to the call for volunteers, and the first regiment was promptly 
enrolled and forwarded to Washington. During the entire war the State 
furnished eleven infantr^y regiments, four regiments of cavalry, one of 
heavy artillery, three batteries, and two companies of sharpshooters, which 
served efficiently in the different divisions of the army during the greater 
period of the war. The first Minnesota regiment was attached to the Army 
of the Potomac and was actively engaged in twenty-one battles. It mus- 
tered throughout 1,440 men, of which number less than one-third returned 
"to tell the story." 

THE SIOUX MASSACRE. 

Whilst the interests of the whole country were most painfully centered in 
the south, there occurred in the valley of the Minnesota an event which, for 
the time, eclipsed even the horrors of the Civil wai', — The Sioux Massacre 
OF 1862. Many and remote are the causes which have been assigned to 
this fearful outbreak of the Sioux Indians, but it is probable that no one 
■cause will sufficiently account for the irruption, still less for the violence 
and suddenness of its character. A growing sj^irit of discontent had 
doubtless been fostered for a long period among the tribes, manifesting 
itself by occasional isolated atrocity. The delay exijerienced in the receipt 
of government annuities, the poor quality and deficient quantity of their 
food, their misunderstandings with the traders, the gradual advance of the 



State History. 13 

whites upon the borders of the reservatiou, their dislike of the missionaries 
among them, and the recognized absence from the State of large numbers 
of men engaged in the war, have all been cited as causative influences, and 
each may have helped to aggravate the natural jaropensity for outrage. 
The immediate occasion for executing their fearful purpose appears to have 
been the determination of the tribe to protect a small number of young 
warriors from the consequences of the murder of a certain white family, com- 
mitted whilst the savages were under the influence of alcohol. However this 
may be, it is known that on the morning of August 18, 1862, a l^rge body of 
Indians attacked the Lower Agency and promiscuously 'slaughtered 
the inmates, with the exception of one man, George H. Spencer, and a few 
women and children; that, proceeding to the Upper Agency, they killed a 
large number of men, allowing the missionaries, however, with their 
families and a few others, to escape; and, that then scattering themselves 
along the frontier for nearly two hundred miles, they indiscriminately 
slew every white settler within reach of their weapons. Youn^ women and 
children were alone spared, only to become prisoners and in many cases to 
suffer brutal outrage at the liands of their captors. It is estimated that» 
in all, some eight hundred persons were massacred. Forts Kidgley and 
Abercrombie and the town of New Ulm were attacked, but ^successfully 
defended with some loss of life. The alarm quickly spread and thousands 
of frightened settlers flocked the roads to the larger towns. Immediate 
steps were taken by the governor and others to stay the massacre and 
punish its authors. Col. H. H. Sibley was put at the head of a force of 
four hundred men, who, owing to the previous drain upon the State for 
men, arms and ammunition, were difficult to gather and scantily equipped. 
These hastily prepared troops advanced to the Lower Agency as rapidly 
as possible, where a party of them, whilst engaged in burying the victims 
of the massacre, were attacked by the Dakotahs. The latter were beaten 
back after a brief fight, and three days later were defeated with considerable 
loss. They delivered up the captives in their hands, surrendered them- 
selves prisoners, and were duly tried. Over three hundred were found 
guilty of participation in the massacre and condemned to be hung, 
but the sentence was suspended by order of the President, and only thirty- 
eight were eventually executed. The remainder were imprisoned at Daven- 
port, Iowa, for over a year, where many died from disease; the survivors 
were ultimately conveyed to a reservation on the ujjper Missouri river. 
In the following year the Government organized and despatched an efficient 
force to cajjture and punish those who had escaped from the hands of 
Colonel Sibley and his men. 



14 Hand-Book of Minnntp»Us 



DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. 



Immigration to Minnesota was materiallj checked by tbe massacre of 
1862, and some time elapsed liefore it recovered from its effects. In 1862 
Governor Ramsey was re-elected, but the year following he was chosen 
United States senator and resigned the governorship to take his seat in the 
Senate. Lieutenant Governor Swift filled the office until the succession of 
Stephen Miller, in 1864. He was followed by Wm. R. Marshall, in 1866, 
who served for two terms. In 1870 Horace Austin succeeded to the office 
arrd was re-elected in 1872. 

In 1874 C. K. Davis was inaugurated Governor. During his term an 
important test case, concerning the power of the state to determine railway 
rates, was carried to the supreme court of the United States, which rendered 
the note- worthy decision that the state power to regulate rates was not 
limited by the charter of the railway company. 

In 1875 the people voted amendments to the constitution relating to 
terms of office, judicial districts, investment of funds from the sale of school 
lands, and the permission of women to vote for school officers. During this 
year and the preceding the farming communities suffered from the depre- 
dations of the locust or grasshopper. 

In 1876 John S. Pillsbury was chosen Governor of the State and was 
re-elected in 1877 and 1879. At the former of these elections the people 
approved amendments to the constitution concerning the canvassing of 
election returns, the election and term of senators and representatives, 
biennial sessions of the Legislature, and the prohibition of the use of State 
funds for sectarian schools. In 1881 the first biennial session of the Legis- 
lature was held. 

In January, 1882, Lucius F. Hubbard succeeded John S. Pillsbury as 
Governor of the State. With the exception of the first State Governor, Gen. 
H. H. Sibley, all the Governors of the State have been republican in politics. 
The later years of Minnesota's State history have been an era of unbroken 
and almost unexampled prosperity, marked by a rapid increase of popula- 
tion, a corresponding growth in trade, manufacture and the development 
of natural products, and a wide extension of the railway service. For a 
comparative estimate, showing the progress of the State in each of these 
directions, the reader is referred to the tables on pages 32-38. 



Phi/siraf Features, Geology and Minenilogi/. 15 



PHYSICAL FEATURES, GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY 
OF MINNESOTA. 




l!%-^ SITUATJOJs', BOUNDARIES, AND AREA OF THE STATE. 

^^ 
yj^yl^INNESOTA occupies nearly the geographical centre of the North 

,^ American continent, being about 1000 miles from the Atlantic 

ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and about 1400 miles from the 

Arctic sea and Pacific ocean. 

On the north this State is bounded by the British provinces of Manitoba, 
Kewatin, and Ontario, the international boundary line, between the Red 
river of the North and the Lake of the Woods, being the 49th parallel. 
The continuation of this boundary thence to Lake Superior is made up of 
water-courses and lakes. It has an east-southeasterly course, and consists 
of the Lake of the Woods, Rainy river and lake, and a succession of 
small lakes, extending by the south side of the area marked on the map as 
Hunter's Island, to Saganago and Gunflint lakes, and to the divide between 
the waters of Hudson bay and those of Lake Superior; beyond which it 
passes through a further series of lakes at the head of Arrow and Pigeon 
rivers, and down the latter river to Pigeon Point at its mouth, on the north- 
east shore of Lake Superior, which is the most eastern point of Minnesota. 

On the east, Minnesota is bounded by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, 
being divided from Wisconsin by the Saint Croix and Mississippi rivers. 
On the south it is bounded by Iowa at the parallel of 43° 30 ; and 
on the west by Dakota, from which it is separated in part by Big Stone 
Lake, Lake Traverse, and the Red river of the North. 

The length of Minnesota from north to south is 380 miles, the extreme 
length 408, for a tract of about 150 square miles, extending 28 miles north 
of the 49th parallel, on the west side of the Lake of the Woods, belongs to 
this State. This point is the most northerly portion of the United States, 
excepting Alaska. The extreme width of Minnesota, from east to west, 
measured from Pigeon Point to the Red river is about 350 miles, and its 
width at the narrowest part, from the St. Croix river west to Dakota is 180 
miles. The eastern and western limits of the State are approximately in 
longitude 90° and 97° west from Greenwich, or 13= and 20° west from 
Washington. 

The area of Minnesota, compiled from the maps of the governmental 
surveys, by Hon. H. H. Young, Secretary of the Board of Immi- 



16 Haml-Bixik of Minneapolis. 

gration, is in total 84,286 square miles; the land area being 78,649 
square miles, or 50,335,367 acres, and the water area, not including, any 
portion of Lake Superior, 5,637 square miles. 

RIVERS AND LAKES. 

The waters of the State all find their way to the Atlantic ocean, but they 
reach that level through three of the cardinal points of the compass — 
north, east and south. The water area of Minnesota is greater than that 
of any other other State or Territory of the Union, averaging one square 
mile of water to every fifteen of land. This unequaled water supply leaves 
the State by the valleys of seven different courses, namely, the Mississippi, 
the Saint Louis river and Lake Superior, the Ked river of the North, the 
Rainy river, the Des Moines river, the Rock river, aod the Cedar river. 

The Mississippi river system is by far the largest and most important. It 
is the only one that crosses the entire State. Its approximate area is 
45,566 square miles. The river runs almost exclusively on the surface of 
the drift to the Falls of St. Anthony; and from there till it leaves the State, 
and even till it enters the Gulf of Mexico, it runs in an old rocky valley 
excavated in pre-glacial times. All its tributaries, also, below the Falls of 
St. Anthony enter it through similar deep-cut gorges. The upper tribu- 
taries of this river, however, are post-glacial, and have excavated their 
valleys but little within the drift sheet. Itasca lake, the head of the 
Mississipj^i, is about 1500 feet above the level of the sea. Where the river 
leaves the State, at its southeast corner, it is only 620 feet above the sea 
level. 

The system of the Red rirev of the North rises in the same rolling drift 
region as the Mississippi, at a point about twelve miles west of Itasca lake, 
at an elevation of 1600 feet above the ocean, and leaves the State, after a 
circuitous route, with an elevation of 767 feet. The entire area drained by 
the Red river in Minnesota is heavily covered with northern drift. After 
leaving the i-olling morainic regions of Becker and Otter Tail counties, it 
passes through the fertile Red rieer valley, which in its flatness and monot- 
ony, no less than its area, resembles the northern stepjoes of Russia and 
Siberia, with which also it seems to have had an analogous region. The 
aggregate area of the State included in this basin is 15,107 square miles. 
The river is navigated by steamboats as far north as Moorhead and Fargo. 
The flat portion of this basin is prairie; but its northern part, which 
extends far to the east, embracing Red lake and its tributaries, includes a 
large area that is timbered. 

TJie Kainy river system has an approximate area, in Minnesota, of 10,330 
square miles. It extends along the international boundary from the 



Plti/xinil Features., Geolog// and Miiiendof/i/. 17 

water-divide to the Lake of the Woods. Its waters are derived from the 
lakes of a region characterized by many and extensive exposures of rock, as 
far as to the west end of Rainy lake. To the west of that there are several 
tributaries from the south which rise in the northern sweep of the belt of 
morainic hills, and in the flat marshy tract south of Rainy river, which 
flow upon the surface of the drift-sheet, and very rarely come in contact 
with the underlying rock. Its area in the State is smaller than that of the 
Red river of the North, but the annual discharge of water is apparently 
about double that from the Red river valley. It receives waters from land 
more fch.Rji two thousand feet above the ocean, and where it leaves the State 
it has an altitude, in the Lake of the Woods, of 1042 feet. (Canadian 
Pacific railway survey). 

The Saint Louis river and Lake Superior drainage si/steni includes 8,552 
square miles, not including any portion of Lake Superior iteelf. It cccu- 
pies the most elevated portion of the State. Its waters descend from over 
2000 feet above the sea to 602 feet, the level of Lake Superior. This lake 
has a mean depth of 1000 feet. 

T7ie Des Moines river in Minnesota runs along the northeast side of the 
Coteau des Prairies, from which it receives numerous small tributaries, and 
carries off the surface waters from an area of prairie amounting to about 
1940 square miles in this State. As this Avater finally reaches the Missis- 
sippi, it might perhaps with propriety be embraced in the drainage system 
of that river. 

The Bock river system, which is tributary to the Missouri river through 
the Big Sioux, includes about 1702 square miles. This system is confined 
to the soutnwesterly slopes of the Coteau des Prairies, the surface of which 
is smooth and treeless. 

The Cedar river system is also connected with the Mississippi in Iowa; is 
the smallest drainage area of the State, embracing but 1089 square miles of 
prairie situated mostly in Freeborn and Mower counties. 

The number of l((kes in Minnesota, exceeding 40 rods in diameter, is 
estimated at ten thousand, and the State atlas shows 2500 which are a half 
mile or more in length. Rainy lake on the northern border has an area of 
about 150 square miles, and the Lake of the Woods of about 600 square 
miles. The largest lake entirely within the limits of Minnesota is Red 
Lake, which has an approximate area of 340 square miles. Other lakes in 
Minnesota, next to Red lake in magnitude, are Mille Lacs, nearly 200 
square miles in extent; Leech lake, 194 square miles; Lake Winnibi- 
goshish, 78 square miles; Vermilion lake, 63 square miles; Cass lake, 32; 
and Lake Minnetonka, 24 square miles.* 

*Keport of Mr. Henry Gannett, geographer of the United States tenth census, 188(). 
2 



18 Hand-Bool: of Minneapolis. 

ALTITUDES AND CONTOUR. 

The tojjograjibic features of the -western three-quarters of Minnesota 
may be described, in brief, as a moderately undulating, sometimes nearly 
flat, sometimes hilly expanse, gradually descending from the Coteau des 
Prairies and the Leaf hills, which lie between 1500 and 2000 feet above 
the sea, to half that height, or from 800 to 1000 feet above the sea level, 
in the long flat basin of the Red river valley, and along the valley of the 
Mississijipi, from Minneapolis to Saint Cloud. 

The exceptions to this general contour are the southeast jjart of the 
State, where the Mississippi and its tributaries are enclosed by bluffs from 
200 to 600 feet high, and the northwest shore of Lake Superior, with the 
country lying to the north of it and to the east of Vermilion lake. In this 
northwest part of the State, a bold rocky highland rises 400 to 800 feet 
above Lake SujDerior, within from one to five miles from its shore-line, all 
along the distance of 150 miles from Duluth to Pigeon point; while further 
north are many hill-ranges, 200 to 500 feet high, trending from northeast 
to southwest, or from east to. west. The most jagged of these lines of 
rugged peaks anrl rock ridges lying near the shore of Lake Superior is 
called the Sawteeth mountains, which rise from 900 to 1400 feet above the 
lake and 1500 to 2000 feet above the sea. A second range of hills, rising 
from the more elevated region halfway between the lake and the north 
boundary, is called the Mesabi range, and rises south of Vermilion lake 
and eastward, as stated by Prof. N. H. Winchell, to a height of 1800 to 
2200 feet above the sea, this being the highest land in Minnesota. The 
average elevation of the entire State is probably not far from 1275 feet 
above the sea. 

FOREST AND PRAIRIE. 

Minnesota has about 52,200 square miles of forest, and about 31,800 
square miles of prarie, including in each the water-areas adjacent to or 
embraced within them. Forest covers ajaproximately the northeastern 
two-thirds of the State, while about one-third, lying at the south and south- 
east and reaching in the Red river valley to the international boundary is 
prairie. Thin belts and isolated patches of heavy timber are found in 
several of the prairie counties and along most of the river valleys. Like- 
wise within the heavily timbered portions of the State are found small 
areas of prairie, or meadow land, esjDecially along the Mississippi from 
Minneapolis and Anoka to Brainerd. Large areas of timbered lands have 
been desolated by fire, and although a young growth of trees is rapidly 
I'estocking them with forest, they are not now properly regarded as tim- 
bered, and therefore they are not taken into account. 

The forests of northern Minnesota are largely coniferous, including the 
white pine, red or "Norway" jjine, the Banksian or "jack" pine, black and 



Plii/sical Features., Oeology and Mineralogi,: 19 

wbite spruce, balsam fir, tamarack, arbor vitae, and, in small qaantities, 
red cedar. The deciduous forest consists principally of various species of 
oak, elm, bass, poplar, maple and ash. Beech and chestnut are not native 
to the State, but the black walnut and the Kentucky coffee-tree are found 
as far north as the valley of the Minnesota and Cannon rivers. The white 
pine is common through the northern part of the State, excepting west of 
the meridian of Red Lake and Lake of the Woods. It prefers somewhat 
clayey soil. Occasionally it forms a majestic forest without intermixture of 
other large trees, but is oftener associated with maple, elm, bass, oak, ash 
and other deciduous species. It is frequent along the north side of Lake 
Superior, but forms no extensive forest on the immediate shore. This is 
the largest and most useful of the native trees, growing from eighty to one 
hundred and fifty feet in height, and from three to six feet in diameter. 
The southwestern limit of the pineries extends from the north edge of 
Chisago county, westerly through Kanabec and Mille Lacs counties, the 
northeast corner of Benton county, Morrison county and the northeastern 
part of Todd county, to Pine lakes, Frazee City and the White Earth 
reservation. Southeastward of this limit it occurs, rarely and thinly, on 
the river bluffs. 

THE SOIL AND CLIMATE. 

Minnesota has, for the most part, a very fertile soil, blackened by decaying 
vegetation to a depth varying from one to three feet. Nine-tenths of its 
whole area are adapted for cultivation. Much of the State has a clayey 
but somewhat sandy soil, with few stones or boulders formed of the 
unmodified glacial drift or till. Considerable areas, princi])ally in the north- 
eastern half of the State, are the stratified sand and gravel of the modified 
drift, with a fertile black superimposed layer from one to three feet thick. In 
southeastern Minnesota a large district, which was not covered by the ice 
sheet and its glacial drift, is overspread by a deposit of modified drift, 
forming a very rich, loamy soil. The pulverized limestone which is a main 
ingredient of the drift throughout the State, excepting in the region of 
Lake Superior, is one of the most useful elements of the soil for the pro- 
duction of wheat, corn, oats and potatoes. The generally rolling surface 
of this State gives excellent drainage, excejiting about the head Avaters of 
the Mississippi. The snow-water is thus speedily carried off in the spring, 
early sowing is possible, and damage by excessive rains is prevented. 
The rainfall is usually quite uniformly distributed through the successive 
seasons of spring, summer and autumn. 

The snow-fall is rarely heavy, but the cold is sufiiciently continuous to 
keep the ground covered with snow during the winter months. The 
extremes of temperature mark a wide range of thermometric variation, but 



2U Hand-Bool: nf MianeapoUs. 

the severity of winter is largely modified by the dry, bracing character of 
the air, whilst the heat of summer days is almost invariably redeemed 
by refreshingly cool nights. Observations extending over a term of 
thirty-five years record a mean temperature in spring and autumn of 
45° 46', Fahrenheit; in summer of 70° 36', and in winter of 16° 6'. A 
careful comjjarison, based upon these observations, shows a mean 
spring and autumn temperature nearly equal to that of Chicago, 
two degrees and a half south, and a mean temperature throughout the 
year equalling that of central New York, two degrees south. 



STEATIGRAPHIC GEOLOGY. 
EOZOIC OR ARCH.EAX SERIES. 

From the j.orthwest side of Lake Superior a broad belt of metamorphic 
rocks, belonging to the Eozoic or Archaean series, extends southwest across 
Minnesota. On our northern boundary it reaches west to the Lake of the 
•Woods. In the central part of the State its extreme outcrops are five miles 
northwest of Motley, and eastward are at the falls of Snake river, having 
there a width of seventy miles. The exposures of these rocks nearest to 
St. Paul and Minneapolis are about sixty miles distant to the northwest, in 
the vicinity of St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids. At this latitude they are visi- 
ble in occasional or frequent ou.tcrops for more than fifty miles, from a limit 
on the east at the west edge of Mille Lacs county, in northeastern Benton 
county, and at the quari'ies southeast of St. Cloud, and on the west at Sauk 
Center and Ashley, Stearns county. Farther west and northwest through- 
out Minnesota the bed-rock is universally concealed by the glacial drift. 
The deeply eroded valley in which the Minnesota river flows exposes these 
rocks at many places from the mouth of Big Stone lake to New Ulm, showing 
that their area in southwestern Minnesota has a breadth of one hundred 
miles. They are mainly gianites and gneisses, rarely including masses of 
syenite and hornblende schist, and their prevailing strike is from northeast 
to northwest, at right angles with' the valley. Within ten to twenty miles 
southwest from the Minnesota river several outcrops of granite, gneiss and 
schists have been found in I'^ellow Medicine and Redwood counties, beyond 
which they are covered by the drift and by thick Cretaceous deposits, and 
next rise to view in the Black Hills of southern Dakota. 

A large area in Stearns, Benton and Sherburne counties, including the 
valuable quarries of St. Cloud, Haven, Sauk Rapids and Watab, consists 
of syenite, and exhibits no laminated or gneissic structure. It has great 
variety in texture as to its coarseness of grain and readiness to be quarried 



Physical Featiues, Geology and Mineralogy. 21 

and wrought to any required form. Its color is mostly light gray, but 
upon some extensive tracts it Las a red tint, similar to that of the celebrated 
granite of Aberdeen in Scotland. In other portions of the Eozoic district 
granite, gneiss and mica schist are the common rocks, sometimes associated 
with syenite. Their strike is usually to the northeast or east northeast. 
At Xiittle Falls and Pike Rapids, and for several miles to the south, west 
and north, as also in northern Todd county, and along the falls of the St. 
Louis river above Fond du Lac, and thence northeastward, is a groujD of 
rocts quite ditferent from the foregomg, its range of variation being from 
a highly cleavable clay slate, and from a mica schist, enclosing many 
crystals of staurolite, and sometimes garnets and iron 23yrites, to a very 
compact, tough and massive diorite. 

Comparing these rocks in Minnesota with ths divisions recognized by 
geologists in the metamorphic rocks of Canada and elsewhere, the syenites, 
granites and gneisses ajjpear to represent the Laurentian system; while 
the slate, staurolitic schist and diorite are probably Huronian. The great 
depth of the drift upon the region occupied by these crystalline rocks in 
Minnesota makes it impossible to draw their boundaries definitely. West- 
ward, they probably extend to a line running a little west of south from 
the Lake of the Woods, to the mouth of Big Stone lake, then curving 
south, southeast and east to New Ulm. No exposure of the rocks under- 
lying the drift has been found in the part of Minnesota drained by the 
Red river of the North, west of this line. Eastward, this boundary, sepa- 
rating the metamorphic area and that of the Silurian rocks of the Potsdam, 
lower Magnesian and Trenton periods, reaches from New Ulm north uorth- 
«asterlv to northern Kanabec county, and thence northeast to near Fond 
du Lac. Onward, along the northwestern shore of Lake Superior, the 
interstrati'fication and mingling of sedimentary and erujDtive rocks, the 
former exhibiting various degrees of metamorphism, present difficalt ques- 
tions respecting their age, sequence and equivalence. 

PALEOZOIC SERIES. 
The red sandstone of Lake Superior, quarried at Fond du Lac, and 
exposed at many places along the shore of the lake and thence north- 
eastward to Pigeon point, is considered by Prof. N. H. Winchell, as 
originally by Foster and Whitney, to be the equivalent of the Potsdam 
sandstone of New York. It is often changed to quartzyte, and is associated 
with metamorphic shales, slates and conglomerate, besides being in 
many portions cut by dikes and interbedded with immense outflows of 
igneous rock. This is the group called Kewanawan by Professors Cham, 
berlin and Irving of the Wisconsin geological survey. Some of its igneous 
and tufaceous beds are exposed on the Kettle river at and above its 



22 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

junction with the St. Croix, on the Snake river for three miles below 
Chengwatana, and on the St. Croix river at Taylor's Falls. A red 
quartzyte which seems to be quite certainly the same formation with the 
red quartzyte, sandstone and shales of Lake . Superior, outcrojos in the 
valley of the Minnesota river at Redstone, nearly opposite New Ulm; and 
again in the northern part of Cottonwood county, extending into the 
adjoining edges of Watonwan and Brown counties, forming a massive 
ridge, nearly twenty-five miles long from east to west, mostly covered by 
glacial drift. The same quartzyte has frequent outcrops at Pipestone City 
and the Mound, near Luverne, in the most southwestern counties of 
Minnesota. The famous red pijsestone quarry of the Indians is at Pipe- 
stone City, where the pipestone, or Cablinite, a very fine and durable red 
stone, without grit and susceptible of a fine polish, forms a layer about one 
foot thick, overlaid and underlaid by the very hard and coarse quartzyte. 

Next in age after the preceding, is a succession of formations of sand- 
stone and magnesian limestone, which may be called the Lower Magnesian 
series, shown by their fossils to be the equivalents of the Calciferous 
sandrock and its associated formations in the eastern states. This series 
of strata is exhibited in the bluffs of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, 
and reaches thence to the valley of the Minnesota river, where it has many 
exposures in Blue Earth county and thence northward to Shakopee. The 
five divisions of this group, in ascending order, are as follows : The Saint 
Croix sandstone, 400 to 900 feet thick ; the St. Lawrence limestone, about 
200 feet thick; the Jordan sandstone, 25 to 50 feet or more in thickness; 
the Shakopee limestone, about 100 feet thick; and the St. Peter sandstone, 
75 to 125 feet or more in thickness. These beds are nearly horizontal, or 
dip only a few degrees. 

Overlying the St. Peter sandstone, as seen in the bluffs of the Mississippi 
at Minneapolis, Ft. Snelling and St. Paul, is the Trenton limestone, mostly 
25 to 35 feet thick. Next above this are beds of shale, about one himdred 
feet thick, containing thin layers of limestone, believed to belong to the 
Cincinnati or Hudson river group. Both these formations are plentifully 
fossiliferous. In the most southeastern counties of Minnesota, the Trenton 
limestone is overlaid by the Magnesian Galena limestone, of which a thick- 
ness of about 100 feet is seen in this State. 

The only exjiosure of Upper Silurian rocks in Minnesota is in the north 
edge of Fillmore county, where a small patch of Niagara limestone is found. 

Strata of Devonian limestone occupy a considerable part of Fillmore 
and Mower counties. 

The Carboniferous series, which contains valuable coal-beds in central 
Iowa, apparently does not reach into Minnesota. If it enters at all into 



Physiail Features. Geology and Mineralogy. 23 

this State, it is to the west of these Upper Sihirian and Devonian rocks, 
where the surface is deeply covered by glacial drift and shows an outcrop 
of rock. 

MESOZOIC SEKIES. 

The western two-thirds of Minnesota appear to have been overspread 
more or less completely by Cretaceous deposits, continuous with their 
great area in the region drained by the upper Missouri river. There 
are frequent exposures of Cretaceous clays, shale and sandstone along 
the Minnesota river from Big Stone lake to Mankato; and at several 
places lignite occurs in thin seams, seldom equaling a foot in thickness. 
Similar Cretaceous beds are found in Mower and Stearns counties. Frag- 
ments of lignite occur frequently in the drift of all that jsart of Minnesota 
west of a Ime drawn from the west end of Hunter's Island, on the Canadian 
boundary line, southward to Minneapolis, and thence southeascwardly 
through Rochester to the Iowa boundary. Upon the region west of this 
line Cretaceous strata exist, at least, in patches, and perhaps once existed 
continuously. 

THE DRIFT. 

The next formations, overlying all the preceding and constituting the 
surface of the land generally throughout the state, are the glacial drift 
and the accompanying water-deposits of modified drift. 

In the ejjoch when the ice-sheet that covered the north half of this 
continent extended to its farthest southern limit, all of Minnesota was 
buried under ice, averaging probably a mile or more in thickness, 
excepting a comparatively small district on the southeast edge of the 
state. This includes Houston county, most of Winona county, and 
portions of Fillmore and Wabasha counties. It is part of the driftless 
area, about 150 miles long from north to south and 100 miles wide, lying 
in southwestern Wisconsin and adjoining jjarts of Illinois, Iowa and 
Minnesota, which was, singularly, exempt from glaciation, while the 
surrounding region and a wide area farther south were covered by the ice 
and its glacial drift. The picturesque bluffs of rock along the Mississippi 
from Lake Pepin to LaCrosse and southward, often standing out isolated 
and alone like the ruins of turretted castles, are in this area which is 
uncovered by till, unmarked by striae, and unplaned or smoothed by the 
ice-sheet. 

In northeastern Minnesota, from Lake Superior and northern Wisconsin 
to the Mississippi river, the courses of strife, or marks scratched by the 
slowly moving ice upon the rock beneath, and the direction in which 
boulders and the other materials of the drift have been carried, show that 
the ice moved toward the southwest. The till has a reddish color, because 



24 U(i)i.il-Bi>„l>- of Minneapolis. 

of the hematite, or anhydrous sesquioxide of iron, contained in the 
red quartzyte, sandstone, and shales of Lake Superior, which were eroded 
by the ice-sheet. The modified drift upon this part of the state has 
usually the same color. In western Minnesota the ice flowed southward 
from Lake Winnipeg to Big Stone lake, and thence southeast into noi'thern 
Iowa, spreading a dark bluish till with many boulders of limestone. The 
upper part of this till, however, to a dept j varying from 5 to 50 feet, has 
assumed a yellowish color, due to the influence of air and water ujDon the 
iron contained in the deposits, changing it from the protoxide state to 
hydrated sesquioxide. Most of the limestone boulders that occur in the 
drift throughout the western tvvo-thirds of the State, are similar to lime- 
stone strata found in Manitoba; these are their nearest oiitcrops, but they 
may underlie the drift in portions of western and northwestern Minnesota. 
The boulders of granite, syenite, gneiss, and schist, which abound here, 
have been derived from the Laurentian highlands north of Lake Superior, 
and from the broad area of these rocks which reaches southwestward to 
the Minnesota river. Everywhere a great part of the drift has l^een 
supplied by the rocks of th<- region adjoining, in the direction from which 
the ice-current came. Boulders and j^ebbles of any peculiar kind of rock 
which can be referred to a particular source, are most abundant within 
the first ten or twenty miles from their parent ledges: and they diminish 
in numbers and average size as the distance from their source increases. 
While the drift is always made up largely in this manner from tlie 
formations of its vicinity, some parts of its mass, including both fine 
detritus and boulders, were gathered at great distances. Fragments of 
Laurentian rocks in the till south and west of Minnesota, appear to have 
been carried by the ice-sheet from 500 to 700 miles. 

A very remarkable feature of our glacial deposits is their great depth. 
The old rocks are almost everywhere concealed upon the western two-thirds 
of the State; nor are they often reached by the deepest wells, which go 
down from 75 to 250 feet without passing through the drift. In all that 
part of the State the drift probably averages as deep as along the course 
of the Minnesota river, wJiere a channel cut down in many places to the 
older rocks shows these sujaerficial dejsosits to be from 100 to 200 feet 
thick. 

Interglacial epochs, in which animals and plants lived in this region, 
are proved by their remains preserved, evidently where they were living, in 
stratified beds underlaid and overlaid by till. These are rarely found 
in this State, yet they are regarded as undeniable evidence that animals 
and ^ilants lived here during temj^erate epochs, jDreceded and followed by 
an Arctic climate and ice-sheets like those now covering the interior of 



Physicdl Features. Geologi/ and Mineralogy. 25 

'Greenlaud and the Antartic coutinent. A bed of peat, several feet thick, 
is fouud between deposits of till in Mower county, beyond the terminal 
moraines of the last ice-sheet; showing that the ice had retreated and 
again advanced npon the land, before the latest glacial epoch. 

THE TERMINAL MORAINE. 

The most noticeable deposits of an alpine glacier are its terminal 
moraine, or the heaps of rock fragments and detritus which it carries 
forward to its termination. In Minnesota and adjoining states are found 
similar but much greater atjciimulatious of drift which ajspear to have been 
amassed where the ice-sheet of the last glacial epoch had its termination. 
The only notable hills throughout the greater j^art of the state are of this 
origin. The material of these terminal and medial moraines heaped at the 
margin of the ice and along the lines where its opposing lobes and currents 
pushed against each other, is in Minnesota nearly everywhere till, or 
chielly till with scanty deposits of modified drift. This till differs very 
notably from that of the more level areas at each side, in that the former 
has many more boulders, and a much larger intermixture of gravel and 
sand, than the latter. 

Ill contour the morainic belts are very uneven, consisting usually of 
many hillocks, mounds and ridges of rough outlines and broken slopes with 
enclosed hollows, which are sometimes nearly round. The height of the 
morainic elevations above the intervening hollows is generally from 25 to 
75 or 100 feet. The only district where they are higher for any consider- 
able part of the series is the Leaf hills, which through a distance of twenty 
miles rise from 100 to 350 feet above the adjoining country. Upon the 
Coteau des Prairies and the Coteau du Missouri, the moraines lie on areas 
of highland, to the altitude of which they appear to add 75 or 100 feet; 
rarely 150 or 200 feet. 

The course of this formation of terminal moraines, marking the bound- 
aries of the ice-sheet, and of medial and terminal moraines, marking the 
area of confluence of its vast lobes, during the last glacial epoch in 
Minnesota, is nearly as follows: Extending continuously from the Kettle 
moraine of Wisconsin, it enters Minnesota at the west side of St. Croix^ 
lake, is crossed twice by the Mississijjpi, 7 to 10 miles south of St. Paul 
and again between that city and Fort Snelling, and reaches thence north- 
ward between St. Paul and Minneapolis, to Mound View; thence it 
continues northward through Chisauo, Piue, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Benton, 
Stearns, Morrison, Crow Wing, and Cass counties, to the lakes at the head 
of the Mississippi, this part being accumulated by the ice-current that 
moved from the region of Lake S ■ perioi- toward the southwest; from 
Itasca and Rice lakes it returns southward forming the Leaf hills, and 



26 HuruJ-Book of Minneapolis. 

thence stretches southeasterly through Douglass, Todd, Pope, Kandiyohi,. 
Meeker, Wright and Hennepin counties, toMinnetonka lake and the western 
border of Minneapolis; thence it passes south through Carver, Scott, Dakota, 
Le Sueur, Rice, Waseca, Steele and Freeborn counties, by Albert Lea, 
and into Iowa to the vicinity of Des Moines, this part being pushed out 
at the east side of an extensive lobe of the ice-sheet whose central current 
went south and southeast; then on the west side of the same glacial lobe, 
its terminal moraines have been traced from central Iowa northward by 
Spirit Lake and Lake Benton to the head of the Coteau des Prairies,, 
twenty miles west Of Lake Traverse. 

Much of this irregular curving tract consists of two or sometimes three 
well-marked morainic belts, composed of hilly and knolly drift, each a few 
miles in width, separated by a belt of smoother surface, from two or three 
to twenty-five miles wide. 

RETREAT OF THE ICE-DRIFT. 

At the final melting of the ice, a part of the drift which had been 
contained in its lower portion, was washed away by its streams and 
deposited as modified drift, forming layers of gravel, sand and fine silt, in 
the valleys along which the floods supplied by this melting descended 
toward the ocean. The abundant supply of sediment lifted these floods 
upon tbe surface of thick and wide plains, sloping with the valleys. After 
the departure of the ice, the supply of both water and sediment was so 
diminished that the streams could no longer overspread these flood-plains 
and add to their depth, but were henceforth occupied mainly in slow 
excavation and removal of these deposits, leaving remnants of them as 
plains or terraces above their present channel. Along the Mississijjpi the 
flood-plain of modified drift at Brainerd and St. Cloud has a height of 
about 60 feet above the river; at Clearwater and Monticello, 70 to 80 feet; 
at Dayton, 45 feet; and at Minneapolis, 25 to 30 feet above the river at tbe 
head of St. Anthony's Falls. 

During the northward recession of the ice-sheet, free drainage from it 
could not take place in the Red river valley, because the descent of the 
land is northward. As soon as the border of the ice had retreated beyond 
the water-shed dividing the basin of the Minnesota from that of the Red 
river, a lake, fed by the glacial melting, stood at the foot of the ice-fields,. 
and extended northward as they withdrew along the valley of the Red 
river to Lake Winnipeg, filling the valley and its branches to the height 
of the lowest point over which an outlet could be found. Until the ice 
barrier was melted upon the area now crossed by the Nelson river, thereby 
draining this glacial lake, its outlet was along the present course of the 
Minnesota river. The highest beach- line of this lake has been traced from 



Physical Features, Geology and Mineralogy. 27 

Lake Traverse to Maple Lake, 20 miles east of Crookston. In this 
distance of about 150 miles from south to north this beach ascends 125 
feet, as compared with the present level-line. This is believed to measure 
the attraction of gravitation drawing the water of the lake toward the 
ice-sheet, which lay in great depth upon the north part of the continent. 
Because of its relation to the retreating ice-sheet, this lake has been named 
in memory of Professor Louis Agassiz, the first prominent advocate of the 
theory that the drift was produced by land-ice. 



MINERALOGY 



Gold has been washed from the drift in noticeable quantities at various 
places in Wabasha, Olmsted and Fillmore counties. As an ingredient of 
the bedded rocks it has been sought in the chloritic slates at Vermilion 
lake, and west of Moose Lake Station in Carlton county, but recent assays 
do not show it in any appreciable amount in these formations. 

Silver occurs native in the quartz veins of the slates in the northeastern 
part of the state, but no valuable deposits within Minnesota have yet been 
brought to light. Its most abundant occurrence is in the form of 
argentiferous galena. Some of the float pieces of copper found in the 
drift of the central and southern parts of the state also show small 
quantities, of silver. 

Copper has been mined to a small extent at French river, in several other 
places on the north shore of Lake Superior, and at Chengwatana and 
Taylor's Falls, At French river it occurs with prehnite, and is occasionally 
associated with small quantities of native silver. It is sparsely dissemi- 
nated throughout much of the trap-rock of the region, but principally in 
one or two metalliferous beds, or belts. Small particles have been found 
in the mineral Thomsonite, at Good Harbor, Lake Superior. Pieces of 
native copper, varying in size from very small fragments to a mass 
weighing 78 pounds, have been occasionally found distributed through 
the drift in central and southern Minnesota, probably derived from the 
region of Lake Superior. 

Graphite occurs in considerable amount at Pigeon point. It is dissemi- 
nated in lumps of variable size through a metamorphic saudrock. It is 
also found in a vein about a foot thick a short distance above Thomson, at 
the head of the Nine Mile portage on the St. Louis river. 

Galen ite has been almost invariably found in trial shafts for silver in the 
Lake Superior region, associated with calcite, barite, pyrite and quartz; 
also in limited quantities in the Galena limestone in the northern part of 



28 Hiiiid-Bool- of 3Iiimeaj)oliK 

the state, and in the St. Lawrence and St. Croix formations at Dresbach 
in Winona county. 

Sphalerite, havite and chulcopiivite are also common In the shafts sunk 
for silver, and the two latter in the cupriferous rocks of the northern parts. 

Pyrite occurs in nearly all mineral veins and rock formations. It is 
found in the Trenton limestone at Minneapolis, as little shining yellow 
specks, and in the Cretaceous shales and blue drift-clay of the western 
l^art of the state, it forms concretionary crystalline masses. 

Mareasite is very common in southeastern parts, where it accompanies 
the Lower Magnesian limestone; also in lumps^ partly altered to limonite, 
on the tops of the river bluffs. 

Halite, or common salt, produces saline springs and artesian salt water 
in the northwestern part of the state, as for instance, in the deep well at 
St. Vincent. 

Fluorite occurs in small quantities at Lester river on the north shore of 
Lake Superior, and in larger amount in some of the above mentioned 
silver shafts. 

Cuprite exists in varying quantities wherever metallic copper is found in 
the rocks of the State. 

Hematite is found in the vicinity of Vermilion lake and in the Mesabi 
range, occurring as extensive rich seams and beds in the metamorphic 
rocks. It also occurs as a red, ochreous deposit in many places. 

Magnetite also occurs in large quantifies in the same northwestern 
region, and at Eainy lake. 

Meruiccanite seems to be the principal magnetic mineral which enters 
into the ignsous rocks of the cujjriferous series in this State. Its 
abundance in certain regions has attracted attention to it as an iron 
ore. As iron-sand it gathers on the Lnke Superior shore at Black beach, 
four miles west of Beaver Bay; and can be extracted from the gravel with 
a magnet in nearly all parts of the State. 

Limonite frequently is found pseudomorphous after pyrite and mareasite; 
particularly in the changed mareasite found in the southeastern part of the 
state. As a bog ore it occurs in many j^laces, and often stains the earth 
and the peat about lakes and marshes. 

Pyroxene, lahradorite, epidote and ehr//s<>Iite, are principal constituents of 
the igneous rftcks of the cupriferous series. 

AmpJiibole, or hornblende, is widely disseminated in the syenites and 
crystalline schists of the state. 

Garnet occurs abundantly, in small crystals, in the schists at Little Falls, 
in larger ones at Pike Kapids, and some of the metamorphic sti-ata of the 
cujsriferous formations at Duluth. 



Phyiiical Featid'ci^, (reologij und Miin'ralogn. 29 

Biotite is common in the syenites at St. Cloud, and as a microscopic 
mineral in the rocks of the cupriferous series. 

Muscovite is probably the mica that is mingled with the schists at Little 
Falls and at Thomson; and forms a constituent of most of the granites of 
the State. It is disseminated also through some of the sandstones, partic- 
ularly the lower portions of the St. Croix sandstone at Dresbach. Along 
the northern boundary, at Rainy lake and at the Lake of the Woods, it has 
been seen in large folife. It forms the rock of Carlton's peak, occurs sim- 
ilarly at Beaver Bay, and constitutes low hills near the lake shore a few 
miles east of Beaver Bay. In some of these localities this mineral is nearly 
pure, and makes up the whole rock. 

OrthadKse, (imlesite and anorthite are found in the cupriferous porphyries 
at Duluth and at Taylor's Falls; the first is an essential ingredient of the 
granites everywhere in the state. It is perhaps as often found with horn- 
blende, forming syenite, as with mica, forming granite. 

Oligodase is found in an angitic quartz-dioryte at Watab, and in the 
syenitic granite at Sauk Rapids. 

Stuurolite is found in the mica schist at Pike Rapids and at the Lake of 
the Woods, associated with garnet. 

Laumontite, a crumbling, Hesh-colored mineral, is very abundant in the 
cupriferous rocks. 

Chrysoeolla occurs occasionally on the north shore of Lake Superior, and 
in the cupriferous rocks of Pine county. It is generally associated with 
chalcopyrite. 

Prehnite is found at French river, containing native copper, and consti- 
tuting, perhaps, one-tenth of the rock. 

Tliommnite is found abundantly in the trap rocks on the north shore of 
Lake superior; and Uiitonite is found associated with it. 

NatvoUte is found at Beaver Bay, on the shore of Lake Superior, in seams 
in the labradorite rock, and is taken out in crusts about a third of an inch 
thick. 

Stilhite. is also common along the north shore of Lake Sui^erior. 

Talc is the basis of the talcose schist which forms conspicuous JDortions 
of the Huronian series at Vermilion lake and on the international boun- 
dary ; but no important deposits of this mineral in its massive form, known 
as steatite or soapstone, have yet been discovered in Minnesota. It seems 
to be the chief ingredient in the greenish pipestone cut by the Indians at 
Pipestone Rapids and at Rainy lake. 

Delersite is common as a product of decay in the trap rocks of the north 
shore of Lake Superior. 

Apatite is known only as a minor but constant ingredient of the igneous 



30 Hand-Book of Minneapolu. 

rocks. The well-known fertility of the soils derived directly from the 
decomposition of these rocks seems to be due largely to the presence of 
this phosphate. 

Gypsum is disseminated through the Cretaceous clays and shales in 
perfectly transparent crystals of selenite in the drift-clay, or till, of the 
western j^arts of the State. 

Epsomite occurs in solution in the alkaline waters of the western part of 
the State. It is also occasionally noticed on the lower side of projecting 
shales of magnesian limestone, as a delicate white efflorescence. 

Galcite, as the essential and principal ingredient of all limestones, is an 
abundant and very important mineral in Minnesota The only pui'e 
limestones, however, are>the building-stone beds of the Trenton formations, 
as seen at Minneapolis and St. Paul, and the Niobrara limestone of the 
Cretaceous at New Ulm. Calcite also occurs in veins in the cupriferous 
trappean rocks. Calcareous tufa, or travertine, is frequent in Minnesota, 
being deposited by springs. 

Dolomite is the characteristic mineral of the magnesian limestones of the 
State. In its crystalline pure form it is seldom seen separated from the 
massive rock. Sometimes as brown spar it is found lining cavities, or 
associated with calcite in geodic aggregations, as at St. Lawrence. 

Siderite, in the condition of clay-ironstone, is found in occasional loose 
boulders in the drift, more or less converted to limonite. It probably has 
been derived from Cretaceous beds. As a pure carbonate, it is found in 
important quantities in the iron- bearing strata of the Mesabi range in 
northern Minnesota. 

3Ialachite occurs sparingly in cupriferous rocks of the Lake SujDerior 
region. It is found also at Taylor's Falls and at Chengwatana, as 
coatings on the protected surfaces of seams in the rocks. 

Mineral Goal occurs in Minnesota only in its inferior condition called 
lignite. Thin layers of this, seldom a foot thick, are found in Cretaceous 
strata at Redwood Falls, on Crow creek, and near Fort Ridgely, in the 
Minnesota valley, on the Cottonwood river west of New Ulm, and near the 
Sauk river in Stearns county. Fragments of lignite, varying in size up to 
three or nearly six inches or more in diameter, are sparingly scattered in 
the drift throughout all western Minnesota, so that frequently they are 
found in digging wells. The origin of these pieces is from Cretaceous beds 
like the foregoing that have been ploughed up by the ice-sheet. It is 
almost certain that no Avorkable coal deposits exist in this state. 



Population. Agriculture and Eai/toai/ Extension. 31 



STATISTICS OF POPULATION, AGRICULTURE AND 

RAILWAY EXTENSION IN THE STATE 

OF MINNESOTA. 



fTATISTICS are of actual value only as the tabulated statements 
of carefully verified facts, obtained by patient inquiry and obser- 
vation, repeated at regular intervals and extending over a long 
period of time, in order that successive results may be subjected to careful 
comparison. 

These conditions being obtained, statistics, proper to the question, are 
rightly acceptable as evidence of the growth and progress of a country or 
community. 

As such, the following tables are introduced. Selected from the best 
available sources of information,* and possessed of these essential qualifi- 
cations they faithfully present, in a condensed form, the most valuable 
facts related to the three subjects which, taken together, serve as a good 
index of the present status and past development of the State, viz. : — 
pojDulation, agriculture and railroad extension. 

POPULATION. 

The primary causes which determine the increase or decrease of popula- 
tion within a given area are two in number: (1) the healthfulness of the 
climate or its reverse, and (2) the possibilities of natural production. 

The first of these causes operates by effecting the relative number of 
births and deaths; the second by effecting the relative proportions of 
immigration and emigration. 

Thus, a maximum of births and a minimum of deaths in a given locality 
are pn/«rt/«ci6 evidence of the healthfulness of its climate; a strong tide 
of immigration constantly setting in to a country, with no appreciable 
reflux, is sufficient proof of its agricultural wealth; whilst a reverse of 
these conditions is proof of the disadvantages of both. 

That Minnesota is exceiDtionally well endowed in each of these respects 
will be readily appreciated by a brief study of the subjoined tables of 
population, etc, 

*Keport of the Commissioner of Statistics of the State of Minnesota for 1882; 
Joint Annual Report of the Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade, 188'^; Compen- 
dium of the U S. Tenth Census, etc., supplemented by later items under the author's 
■direction. 



32 Htind-Boiil of Mlnneitpolis. 

THE POPULATIOIf OF MINNESOTA FROM 1850 TO 1880. 



YEAR. 




TOTAL NUMBER. 






6,077 


1860 




172 023 






439,706 






597.407 


1880 




780.773 









TABLE OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 



YEAR. 


Number of Births. 


Number of Deaths. 


Net Increase in Population. 










1881.. 


26,375 


11,523 


14,852 



STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. 

As the futiii-e of any newly settled country is dependent upon its pro- 
ducing power, so the foregoing facts of population may be accounted for, 
and the coming development of the State predicted, upon an agricultural 
basis. 

That the advent of the people, the growth of cities, and the extension of 
railroads are alike conditioned upon the extent to which " the earth yields 
her increase," is a self-evident truth, and hence the following statistics 
of agriculture may be looked upon as a key to the past, present and 
future of Minnesota. 

These tables, extracted, for the most part, from the Reports of the State 
Commissioner of Statistics, are computed from the latest available returns. 

TOTALS OF ACREAGE AND CROPS OF 1881 AND 1882. 



CROPS. 


Total 
Acreage 

1881. 


Total Yield, 
1881: 


Average 
. Yield 
per Acre. 


Total 
Acreage, 

1882. 


Wheat 

Oats 


2,884,16;) 
7-^8,367 
474,030 
196,917 
13,091 
3.,'i64 
41,707 
1,703 
73,649 


32,947,570 

21.954 126 

14 654,646 

4,21.5,715 

170.053 

42,847 

3.997.187 

22,294 

433.517 

»>,214 

27,715 

684,066 


11.42 
30.14 
30.91 
21.40 
12 99 
12.02 
9-1.84 
13.09 


2.572,254 

850,581 


Corn 

Barley 

Rye 


741.692 
308 719 
25 505 


Buckwheat 

Potatoes 

Beans 


5,116 
51,351 

3,868 
88,018 


















7,396 


92.49 


8,105 







Populxtion, Agriculture d/id Railiriti/ Extension. 



33 



OTHER AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF 1881. 



Cultivated hay, tons 

Wild hay, tons 

Butter, lbs 

Cheese, lbs 

Honey, lbs 

Maple sugar, lbs., 1882 

Maple syrup, gallons, 1882. 

Apples, bushels 

Grapes, lbs 

Tobacro, lbs 

Wool, lbs... 1882 



,261,080 
,052,020 
522,452 
144,16? 
54,512 
12,928 
158,056 
2(»,611 
79.631 



TOTAL YIELD OF ALL CROPS FOR THE LAST SIX YEARS. 



Wheat, bushels — 

Oats, bushels 

Corn, bushels , 

Barley, bushels 

Ry». bushels . 

Buckwheat, bushels 



Total. 



Beans, bushels 

Potatoes, bushels ... 

Cultivated hay, tons 

Wild hay, tons 

Cane syrup, gallons 

Flax seed, bushels 

Clover seed, bushels 

Timothy seed, bushels .. 

Tobacco, pounds 

Apples, trees in bearing... 
Apples, bushels produced 
Maple sugar, pounds .. .- 

Maple syrup, gallons 

Bees, number of hives... 
Honey, number of pounds. 

Wool, pounds 

Butter, pounds 

Cheese, pounds 



17,964.632 
10566,178 
7.623 043 
1,608,463 
75,122 
66 847 



30,693,969 29,484,503 

18,338,356 

9.151,281 11.286,545 

2,239.650 1,493,668 

132.041 222,728 

79,448 37.944 



37,904.285 56,116,019 



13.696 
2,477,384 
135,860 
935,961 
102,489 

44,243 
5,041 

83.379 

39.732 
153,138 
111.538 



7.740 

101,858 

640,894 

12.348,971 

1,052,348 



14,471 

2,426.002 
131,647 
974,224 
140,153 

8^807 
42,559 
38,839 

156,189 
45,736 
52,723 
16,588 
10.835 

213,768 

705,116 
13,443,195 

829,075 



31,218.634 
20.667,933 
12 939,901 
2,423 932 
172 887 
33,163 



39.399,01 
22,867,932 
13.125,2.55 
2,751,638 
1711,817 
29.736 



32,947,570 
21,9.54,126 
14 654,646 
4,215,715 
170,053 
42,847 



60.663,0441 67,456,450 



28,037 

8,250,181 

155,295 

1,110241 

329.660 

16,982 

7,558 

24,228 

75,634 

258.746 

89,99: 

f:8.46' 

10,670 

15,1(15 

253,221 

790.482 

14,873.740 

1,602,551 



24,434 

3,915,890 

194,' 
1.2f)O,506 
446,946 
99,378 
18.460 



65,089 
299,319 
124.261 
47,712 
12,447 
16,261 
208,018 
948,184 
15,639,069 
586,448 



78,344,446 

20,! 

3,782.243 

175.595 

1,263,472 



397,190 
8,371 
60,940 
48.437 
255.133 
147,8031 
49.577 j 
13,418 
14,020 
221,255 
923.170 
15,693,283 
417,994 



73,984,957 

22,294 

3.997,187 

227,432 

1,261.089 

684,066 

433,517 

27,715 

96,214 

79,631 

267,431 

158,058 

49,577 

13,418 

9,287 

144,16-2 

1.083,775 

16,052,020 

522,456 



AVERAGE BUSHELS PER ACRE OF CROPS FOR THE LAST 
TWELVE YEARS. 



Wheat 15.07 

Oats 31.19 

Corn 31.66 

Barley 23.42 

Rye 18.58 

Buckwheat... 16.59 

Beans 13.52 

Potatoes 71.94 



12.28 
31.92 
35.35 
25.20 
16.24 
15.05 
13.05 
100.49 



32. 



16.07 
13.70 
12.92 
117.89 



17.04 
34.04 
30.87 
18.85 
13.87 
10.92 
12.56 
83.31 



I 
14,23; 17.04 
28.61: 34.38 
28.64 24.81 
21.17 30.15 
12.15 16.42 
9 65 12.70 
7.83 9.06 
80. 90 1 120. 76 



23.04 
25.84 
22.70 
14.21 

7.23 

7.48 
75.75 



16.78 
32 19 
23.47 
26.37 
14.38 
11.67 
4.70 
62.00! 



12.. 50 
38.65 
34.90 
26.95 
15.99 

12!52 
97.12 



30 11.42 

49 30.14 

.07 30.91 

.21 21.40 

.89 12.99 

.06 12.02 

.66' 13.09 

.871 95.84 



34 



Hand 'Book of Minneapolis. 



ACKEAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL CULTIVATED CHOPS FOR 
LAST SIX YEARS. 



Wheat 

Oats 

Corn 

Barley 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Potatoes 

Beans 

8ugar cane 

Cultivated hay 

Flax 

Miscellaneous products. 



Total acres. 



Increase over preceding 
year 



458,590 

295,089 

70,883 

5,285 

9,240 

32,703 

l.(-32 

1,695 

121,463 

8,191 

13.747 

2,887,845 



1,829.167 
419,903 

79!334 
9,i02 
6,665 

40,755 
3,075 
2,200 
112056 
5,547 

18,042 



1878. 


1879. 


1880. 


1881. 


2,365,775 


2,762,521 


2,961,842 


2,884,160 


474,5-57 


.567,371 


682,520 


728,367 


324,174 


379,776 


422,461 


474,030 


55.423 


96,951 


118,488 


196,917 


13,813 


11,534 


12,312 


13,091 


3.766 


3,380 


2,955 


3,564 


35,1.59 


37,910 


38,254 


41,707 


2,281! 


2156 


1.538 


1.703 


3,207 


5,033 


6.914 


7,396 


121,228 


145.150 


135.72i 


171,512 


2,183 


12,966 


40.004 


73,649 


27.199 


18,336 


24.844 


19,685 


3,429464 


4,043,074 


4,417,846 


4,615,781 


444,510 


613,910 


404,772 


167,935 



THE CROPS OF 1881. 

Total cultivated territory of the State 4,615,781 acres. 

Increase in acreage over preceding year 167,935 acres. 

Remaining territory possible of cultivation 'about) 33,135,745 acres. 



SHEEP AND WOOL FOR THE LAST TWELVE YEARS. 



YE.\RS. 


Sheep No. 


Wool, lbs. 


1871. . 


116,493 
125,273 
141.748 
144,901 
143.689 
154.318 
161,797 
186.456 
206,477 
223 791 
215,453 
213,376 


355,232 


1872 


497.045 


1873 


529,859 


1874 


549,918 


1875 


.578,948 


1876 


620,874 


1877 


577.067 


1878 


790,203 


1879 


948,184 


1880.' 


925,278 


1881 


923,170 


1882 


933,331 







STOCK IN 1882. 

Horses, number 276,690 

Cattle, all ages, (including cows,) 594,794 

Mules and Asses 9,664 

Sheep 2,58,415 

Hogs .. 279 240 



COWS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN 1881. 

Number of milch cows 221,213 

Pounds of butter produced 16,052,020 

Pounds of cheese produced 522,456 

Number of Milch cows. 1882 231,533 



PopuhifioH, Agriculture and Railiray EMemion. 35 

SUMMAEY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS FOR THE PAST ELEVEN YKARS. 



YEARS. 


Cows, No. 


Butter, H-s. 


Cheese, t.s. 




106,016 
135,691 
155,454 
169,618 
176,278 
185.149 
200,379 
223,443 
225.5J3 
228,955 
221,213 


7,356.768 
8,823,630 
10,140,316 
10,916.942 
12,029.371 
12,348.971 
13,443,195 
14,873,740 
15,639 069 
15,693,283 
16,052,020 


469,147 


1872 . . 


772 630 


1873 




1874 


1,090,238 


1875 


1 009,999 


1876 


ll052 348 


1877 


829,075 


1878 . 


1,602,551 


1879 . . . 


586 448 


1880 


417 994 


1881 


522,456 







RAILWAY EXTENSION IN MINNESOTA. 



Scarcely twenty -five years have elapsed since a railroad first entered the 
State of Minnesota, and for several years subsequent to the admission of 
the State to the Union (1858, )but few miles of rail were laid. 

The difficulties which attended the birth and infancy of the first rail- 
way corjiorations have been detailed elsewhere ; as also the history of the 
great financial embarrassment which the State has labored under in the 
interest of these ventures. 

Freed from these misfortunes, the commonwealth may now feel'a par- 
donable pride in the past development, the present condition and the 
future prospects of the great roads which intersect her boundaries and 
centre in her chief cities. 

The nine railways which have termini in Minnesota are the owners of a 
grand total of 3,796.30 miles of line completed up to the present date, 
(August 1, 1883,) within the borders of the State. 542.37 miles of this 
total extent have been constructed during the past year. 

These roads place her great cities in immediate connection with the whole 
country from St. Vincent to the Gulf, and from the Atlantic coast to 
Puget Sound. They make them the inlet and the outlet for the far north- 
west, and as such secure their position as the natural centres of trade. 

The direction, termini, and mileage of each railroad are given in the 
accompanying statement, to which the reader is referred. 



36 



Hand-Book of Minnertpolis. 



THE RAILWAYS OF MINNESOTA. 
TERMINI AND LENGTH WITHIN THE STATE TO AUGUST 1, 1S83. 



Chiaigo, Milwaukee & St. Paid Railicay. 



DIVISION OK FORMER NAME. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 


River division 


Bridge Junction 

St. Paul 


St. Paul 

St. Paul 

Stillwater 

Minneapolis . . 
St. Paul 


120.47 




8 30 


River division 

Iowa & Minnesota division. . 


St. Croix Junction 

Iowa line 

St. Paul Junction 


24.90 
130.54 


Iowa & Minnesota division 


5.61 
11.37 


Hastincs ct Dakota 


Hastinofs . 


Ortonville... . 

Benton 

Zumbrota 

Dakota line... 
Wells 


203.59 






28.90 




Wa'-asha 


59.00 


Southern Minnesota 


Grand Crossing 


299.90 
40.00 


Chicago, Clinton. Dubuque & Minnesota. 
Caledonia, Miss & Western 


Iowa line 


La Crescent... 

Preston 

Red Wing 


24.90 


Caledonia Junction. . 


.57.50 




32.00 


Total 




1.055.98 











Chicago^ St. Paul, Minneapolis d- Onmlia Railway. 



DIVISION OR FORMER NAME. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 


St. Paul & Sioux City 

St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylor's Falls.. . . 


St. Paul. 

Lake St. Croix 

Stillwater Junction.. 


Iowa line 

St. Paul....... 

Stillwater.... 

Hudson bridge 

Elmore 

Woodstock.... 
Dakota line... 

Iowa line 

Minneapolis . . 


187.52 
19.90 
3.80 
4.39 






44.00 






44 00 




Sioux Falls Junction. 


42.53 




10.56 




St Paul. 


9.90 






396.60 











Chicago ct Northwestern Railway. 



FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 


Winona & St Peter 


Winona 


Dakota line... 

Mankato 

Plainview 

nVinf.fiplrl 


288.50 


Winona, Mankato & New Ulm 


Mankato Junction 

Plainview Junction.! 
Chatfield Junction 


3.75 
15.01 


Chatfield 


11.46 






24.48 


Minnesota Valley 




Redwood F.... 
Dakota line... 


24.4<1 


Tracy 


46.38 




413.98 











Population, Agriculture and Railinay Extension. 
Minneapolis & St. Louis Maihcay. 



37 



FOBMER NAME OK DIVISION. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 






Iowa line 

Morton 


123.00 
92.00 

215.00 


Pacific extension 

Total 


Winthrop 











St. Paid, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway. 



FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 






International 
boundary 

Moorhead 

State line.'.... 

Brown's Val. 

W. end Lake 
Minnetonka. 

Elizabeth 

St. Cloud 

Hinckley 

Browersville.. 

Pelican Kapids 

St. Hilaire.... 


394.57 
258.15 

24.08 
47 00 




East Minneapolis 




Branch 


]yjorris 










Carlisle 


3 70 


T>_„ L 


g9 % 


Branch 

Branch 


St. Cloud. 

Sauk Centre 

Fergus Falls 

Shirley 


66.51 

25 75 




91 37 




21 40 


Total 




931 49 











St. Paul & Dulutli Railway. 



FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. 


From. 


TO. 


Miles. 


St Paul & IJuluth 


St Paul 


Duluth 

Stillwater 

Cloquet 

Taylor's Falls. 
Minneapolis . . 


156 00 


Stillwater & St. Paul 

Knife Falls branch 


White Bear 

North Pacific Junct . . 

Wyoming 

White Bear 


12.50 

e.flo 

20.30 




13.00 






208 30 











Northern Pacific Railroad Company. 



DIVISION. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 


St Paul 


St Paul 1 


Brainerd 

Moorhead 

N. P. Junction 

Morris 

Wahpeton .... 


136.00 




Duluth 

Superior 

Little Falls 


251.50 


Wisconsin 

Little Falls and Dakota 


19.. 50 

87.75 


Northern Pacific, Fergus & B. H. K. K.. 
Total 


Wadena ••.• 


77.70 




572.45 











38 Hand-Booh of Minneapolis. 

Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railway Co. 



From. 


To. 


Miles. 






<>Q 
















Biniington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railiray. 



FORMER NAME OB DIVISION. 


From. 


To. 


Miles. 


Burlington C R & Northern 


1- 


AlKorf T.oo 


12..50 
12 .50 


Total ...... 




i ■ 







C^^r 



nJ? 



HISTORY 



City of Minneapolis 

AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. 



THE DISCOVERY OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. 



k5< IVILIZATION may be defined, in brief, as the power of adapting 
natural means to human ends, and upon the more or less perfect 
adaptation of these means to the highest attainable ends, rests 
the most appreciable advancement of the race. 

To recognize and to grasp the opportunities which Nature offers— to 
utilize and to conserve the energy or force which &he generates, is the part 
of genius in the process of human development. 

Various and many are the occasions for its exercise; yet rarely does 
Nature aiford any opportunity so grand or originate any power so col- 
sal as that which is borne upon the currents of running water. In all his- 
tory, the bank of a stream has been the birthplace of a colony, and from 
the crest of the cater&ct might almost be said to rise the prophecy of a city. 

Long years ago far-seeing men read the future of Minneapolis in The 
Falls of St. AnthonY; and to-day it is impossible to account for her 
growth and progress without estimating the worth of this main factor in 
her existence. 

The water-fall is the vital element of her greatness. The great manu- 
factories which cluster in ever increasing numbers around it, are the cor- 
ner-stones of the city and the secrets of her success. 

To the industries which they foster might well be applied a eulogy sim- 
Jar to that of Thomas Carlyle upon cottcn-spinning: they are the housing 
of the homeless, the clothing of the naked and the feeding of the hungry 
in their results, — " the triumph of mind over matter in their means." 



40 TIand-Book of MiivmipoU.><. 

Rightlj, then, may we look upon the discovery of the Falls of St. 
Anthouy as the first unconscious beginnings of the present metropolis, and 
upon a brief recital of this important event as a fit introduction to her 
history. 

Many of its details are inextricably interwoven with the preceding 
sketch of the State of Minnesota, but at the risk of some slight repetition, 
we shall again refer to the earliest records. 

Louis Hennepin, the Franciscan priest, was undoubtedly the first white 
man who visited the great water-fall. In making the ascent of the Missis- 
sippi he does not appear to have reached this point, but in July, 1680, on 
returning from a sojourn with the Dakotah Indians in the neighborhood 
of Mille Lacs, he and his small party came in sight of the cataract. 

His account of the discovery is so tinctured with the spirit of exagger- 
ation and self-applause, which pervades all his writings, that it is very 
difficult to select the plain undisguised facts of the narrative. 

La Salle, from whose exijedition Hennepin and two followers had been 
detached, has recorded, at second-hand, the details of the discovery. 

Placing the two reports side by side it does not seem that Hennepin was 
greatly impressed by the natural grandeur of the Falls; his description of 
them is singularly unenthusiastic, although he considered them worthy to 
be named after his patron- saint, St. Anthouy, of Padua. His facts of 
measurement and of the physical features and geological ajapearance of 
the cataract are probably reliable, according, as they do, with subsequent 
observations; for these the reader is referred to the chapter upon local 
geology. 

He tells us that "the curling waters," as they were named by the native 
tribes m the vicinity, were an object of universal worship to the Indians, 
who regarded them as the dwelling place of a Great Spirit, to whom, 
whenever they approached, they were required to bring gifts and offer 
prayers. This custom is reported also by later travelers. 

During the jieriod of the French dominion, the only other jjublished 
account of the Falls was written by Charleville, who must certainly have 
borrowed his facts from Hennejjin, La Salle or some unknown coyageur. 

Nearly a century intervened between this and the next substantiated visit 
to the immediate neighborhood. 

In 1766 Jonathan Carver, a British subject, born in Connecticut, arrived 
at a jjoint just below the Falls of St. Anthony. His sketch of the scene 
which presented itself to him is the first attempted, and his written descrip- 
tion is a witness to his "appreciation of its natural attractions. "The 
country around them,"' he says, "is extremely beautiful. * * * * 
On the whole, when the Falls are included, which mav be seen at a dis- 



Discovery of the Falls of St. Anflioui/. 41 

tauce of four miles, a more pleasing and picturesque view, I believe, can- 
not be found throughout the universe." 

His calculations of height, etc., of the cataract, will be found with those 
of others, in the reports of the geological survey. 

Thirty miles below the Falls he discovered a remarkable cave, which 
took his name, and was visited by others in later years. It has since been 
destroyed or concealed, and its exact location is not known. 

The next recorded visitant was Lieut. Z. M. Pike, em23loyed in the Gov- 
ernment service, who included the Falls in his tour of observations in the 
year of 1805. His measurements, etc , have assisted in establishing a basis 
upon which the rate of recession of the Falls has been approximately de- 
termined. 

Major S. H. Long, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, ascended with an 
exploring jjarty, in 1817, to a point near the Falls. His superior education 
contributes a degree of value to his report which is not possessed by those 
of earlier visitors. 

He describes the scene in its entirety, after discussing its minor details, 
as "the most interesting and magnificent ever before witnessed." In 
addition to observing carefully the dimensions, he gives a brief account of 
the geological formation of the Falls, and of the banks of the gorge. 

Six years later he conducted a second expedition which was accompan- 
ied by Professor Wm. Keating, of the Pennsylvania University, who made 
a still more valuable report of the geology and physical features of the 
Palls. With this date closed what may bo called the era of early explora- 
tion, and the gradual incoming of white settlers made the Falls of St. 
Anthony a more familiar object to American eyes. For a long period they 
had been looked upon as a natural wonder, but it was not until the years 
1836-'7 that anyone witnessed to a recognition of the practical value of 
the water-power by making a land- claim upon its contiguous shores. 

To Major Plympton and other officers stationed at Fort Snelling, prob- 
ably belongs the credit of a partial appreciation of its vast importance in 
the establishment of a future city. 

They failed, however, to make good their claim, being dispossessed 
thereof by Franklin Steele, a pioneer settler, who had almost simultane- 
ously realized the available resources of the Falls, and asserted the validity 
of his claim upon the ground that his predecessors held military office, 
and had settled prior to completion of the treaty with the Indians ceding 
the land. 

From this point, the history of the utilization and improvement of the 
Falls, which have secured to the city and the State the possession of the 
most remarkable water-power in the country, becomes the history of Min- 
neapolis, and naturally merges itself therein. 



42 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

A description of the geological features of the Falls, of their recession, 
and threatened destruction, and of the means adopted for their preserva- 
tion, is given in subsequent pages. 

Human skill in adapting this miracle of Nature to its own ends, has 
perpetuated and enhanced its usefulness, whilst in so doing it has eflfectu- 
ally destroyed much of its former beauty. 



THE PHYSICAL FEATURES. GEOLOGY, ETC., OF THE 
CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS AND ITS IMME- 
DIATE NEIGHBORHOOD. 



V^ J;^HE city of Minneapolis is situated upon both sides of the Missis- 
CP ^jM^ sippi river at the Falls of Saint Anthony, iu the east part of 
1^2^^ Hennepin county. The area included within the city limits 
reaches seven and one-half miles from north to south and about 6J miles 
from east to west^ embracing aiDproximately 33 square miles. 

This area contains, in its southwest part, a beautiful series of lakes, 
namely: Cedar Lake, the Lake of the Isles, Lake Calhoun, and Lake 
Harriet, each about a mile in length. Bassett's creek is the principal 
affluent to the Mississippi from the west within the city limits, and three 
smaller streams fall into the river from Ihe east. 

The latitude and longitude of the smaller cupola of the main building 
of the University of Minnesota, iu the east part of Minneapolis, as 
determined by the United States Lake Survey, are as follows: latitude 
north, 44° 58' 39''.22; longitude west from Greenwich, 93° 14' 08 '.60. 
It is therefore about one and a half miles south of the parallel of 45°. 

References to the geology of Minneapolis and its vicinity have been 
made in the preceding pages, describing the physical features and geolog- 
ical structure of the State. The rocky strata forming the bluffs of the 
Mississippi below the Falls in this city, are the white, friable, unfossiliferous 
St. Peter sandstone at the base, and the bluish, hard, compact, fossiliferous 
Trenton limestone above. The latter, projecting as a shelf of rock over 
the easily eroded sandstone, forms the brink of the Falls of St. Anthony,^ 
of the Fawn's Leap, Silver Cascade, the Bridal Veil, and Minnehaha Falls. 

The cap of limestone over the sandstone in the bed of the Mississippi 
river extends but a short distance along the present position of the Falls 



P7u/sical Fmtures. Geology. Etc 43 

of St. Anthony; and its rapid destruction prior to the institution of 
measures, some years since, for its protection, tlireatened to convert the 
Falls into a foaming rapid, thus destroying, or greatly damaging, one of 
the most important water-powers of the world. The water, percolating 
through the soft sandstone caused its rapid erosion, thus undermining the 
foundations of the limestone, and causing the constant precipitation of the 
rock by its own unsujjported weight. A number of streams, some of con- 
siderable size, were found thus passing through the sandstone, having 
entered it from the river at points above the limit of the limestone. Being 
under considerable hydrostatic pressure, their power of erosion was 
greater than ordinary surface streams of the same size. 

THE PRESERVATION OF THE WATER-POWER. 
The owners of the water-power had, prior to 1870, attempted its -preser- 
vation by the iconstruction of dams and canals, but it was not until that 
year that serious alarm was created by the constantly-noted recession of 
the Falls. The aid of the general Government was solicited and arrange- 
ments made to apron the Falls with heavy timber. But not long after, a 
new cause of danger appeared. The river breaking into a tunnel which 
had been constructed below the water-power for manufacturing purposes 
rapidly wore away the soft sandstone and further imperilled the limestone 
upon which, depended the integrity of the Falls. The Government at 
Washington gave prompt and efficient aid which, together with the efforts 
and contributions of private citizens, and the engineering skill of Colonel 
Farquhar of the U. S. engineers, resulted in the permanent salvation of 
the water-power. In 1874- '6 an immense dyke of concrete, or beton, was 
erected across the river beneath the liniestone ledge, effectually preventing 
the water from penetrating and eroding the sandstone formation beneath- 
This dyke has a thickness of four feet, a height of thirty-nine feet, and a 
length of one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five feet. The years 
which have elapsed since its completion have sufficiently demonstrated its 
power to accomplish the object for which it was built, and the consequent 
preservation of the Falls may be regarded as a triumph of science over 
the rude forces of nature. It is estimated that S924,000 have been 
expended upon the task, of which amount $324,000 were obtained, by 
subscriptions, from the citizens 'of Minneapolis, and |600,000 from the 
United States Treasury. 

JHE TRENTON LIMESTONE. 
The section of the Trenton limestone at Minneapolis, in descending 
order, is as follows : — 

1. Dolomitic sandstone, with much argillaceous matter, crystalline, close-grained, 
rough and hard, but splitting lenticularly under the weather ; of a blue color within. 



44 Hand-Book of Minneapoliti. 

fading to a drab under exposure, and on the immediate surface to a dirty buff. It con- 
tains abundant specimens of Orthis tricenaria and Str02}homeria Minnesotensis, as well 
a,s o(ica,?,\onA\\y Marchisonia, Leperditia a.n6. Edmondia. The fossils, however, are apt 
to be in the form of casts and impressions. Thickness, about eight feet. 

2 Similar to the last but gradually becoming more impure with shale, the fossils 
being gathered more into layers, making mere calcareous belts. Thickness, two feet. 

3. Green shale, calcareous, weathering blue, with but few fossils. Thickness, four 
feet eight inches. 

4. The last passes gradually into a calcareous shale resembling the well known 
building rock of this place, in which there are still few distinguishable fossils. This 
stone is sometimes used, like No. 1 above, for rough walls, or in protected positions. 
It is markedly set off from the rock below by a projecting shoulder formed by the 
upper portion of No. .5. Thickness, two feet four inches. 

5. Blue building-stone layers, used extensively at Minneapolis and Saint Paul. 
This stoue is rather too argillaceous for reliable building material, yet it is extensively 
used. The shale is intimately disseminated through the calcareous layers without 
showing regular lamination, yet it causes a motoled, or blotched color over the surfaces 
when cut or broken. The darker spots are shaly ; the lighter ones, which constitute 
the most of the rock, are more purely calcareous. The color of the whole is bluish 
gray, which gives it the appearance of strength and durability in a structure. The 
fossil remains in this layer are apt to be so comminuted as to be wholly indistin- 
guishable, yet sometimes large pieces of Endoceraa Marj)iireiiiruin, H , are found in 
the layers. Rarely also on separating the layers in quarrying, a rock surface is dis- 
closed that is eminently fossiliferous with forms oi Rhynchonella, Orthis. and other 
genera of brachiopods and incrusting corals. This is the principal and most constant 
member of the Lower Trenton. Thickness, thirteen feet. 

6 Dolomitic limestone, somewhat vesicular, of a dirty drab color, less affected by 
shaly interlaminations than the last, in heavy beds that furnish a good building 
material. This stone is used indiscriminately with the last in all places, but is evi- 
dently a more valuable one. Thickness, two feet. 

7. Blue shale, partly conchoidaily under the weather, lying on the St. Peter sand- 
stone. Thickness, three feet. Total, thirty-five feet. 

The dolomitic layers are more durable than the regular building-stone. 
The upper dolomitic layers do not appear in the quarries near the Falls, 
but they are seen in the quarries near the University, and in those on the 
west side of the river at some distance below the Falls. The dip of the 
formation, and the erosions of the past, have destroyed them at and above 
the Falls of St. Anthony. The older portion of the State University con- 
tains a large amount of this stone, and its greater durability than that of 
the regular building-stone can there be seen. The 'lower dolomitic stone 
is found in all the quarries. 

Above the Falls of St. Anthony the line of the edge of the limerock 
produces a terraced ascent facing the river, about half a mile from it, which 
can be traced on the west side of the river some three miles northward to 
Shingle creek, where it bears westwardly away from the river along the 
south side of the creek and becomes lost beneath the drift. On the east 
side, at about the same distance from the river, if runs northwardly and 
northeastwardly toward the junction of the railroads; and about three 
miles further north it is exposed and worked in one or two quarries 
situated on the Anoka county line, northwest of Sandy lake, near the rail- 



PJu/smil Features. Geology. Etc. 45 

road . It is evident from its condition and color at this point, and all along 
the terrace-like ascent formed on either side of the river above the Falls, 
that it has been subjected to the action of the weather through a long 
period of time. Indeed it is, with difficulty, recognizable as the same 
rock that forms the Falls of St. Anthony, without a knowledge of its 
stratigraphical continuity. 

There is a gentle dip in the layers of the Trenton limestone at Minne- 
apolis toward the southeast. At the lower bridge it is hardly preceptible; 
at the Falls it is about an inch in one hundred feet ; northwestwardly it 
soon increases to three or four inches in a hundred feet, and at Central 
avenue, on the east side of the river, it is about five feet in a hundred. 
This dip causes the rock to rise toward the northwest from under the river 
and into the river banks, finally running, so already stated, half a mile or 
more from the river and about fifty feet above it. The dip at Central 
avenue does not continue the same, but decreases northwardly. 

The underlying St. Peter sandstone is exposed above the Falls, on the 
east side of the river near the upper bridge, and on the west side at the 
mill-pond at Shingle creek, one mile north of the limits of the city. 

Overlying the Trenton limestone, in the east part of Minneapolis, are 
beds of shale of greenish color, probably referable to the Hudson River 
formation. They are about twenty feet in thickness, but being rather soft 
and easily covered up, they are hidden by the overlaying drift at nearly 
all points along the river bluffs. Within these shales are often thin 
lenticular layers of very fossiliferous crystalline limestone, the upper and 
lower surfaces of which are literally covered with fossils in a fine ytate of 
preservation, but firmly bound to the limestone layers. There are also 
fossils distributed through the shales themselves, which, on weathering, 
wash out in perfect preservation. 

THE GLACIAL DRIFT. 

The glacial drift lies directly upon the Trenton limestone in the cen- 
tral and northwest parts of Minneapolis, and on the green shales further 
east. The knolls and hills of the terminal moraines of the last glacial 
epoch are seen at the east and west borders of the city. The eastern belt, 
one to two miles or more in width, composed of red till and modified drift, 
was accumulated by ice that advanced from Lake Superior and northern 
.Wisconsin, moving southward. The rolling and hilly drift on the west, 
composed of dark bluish or gray till, weathered in its upper portion to a 
yellowish color, occupying a width of many miles and enclosing Minne- 
tonka lake, forming its varied outlines of projecting points and islands. 



46 Hand-Bool: of Mi»neap'>Us. 

was brought from the northwest by ice that moved from Lake Winnipeg 
{^nd the Red river valley toward the south and southwest. 

In the earlier glacial epoch when the ice-sheets covered its greatest 
area, this region was deeply covered by ice, and that time may be the date 
of the strife which are found on the surface of tlie Trenton limestone in 
this city, bearing S. 5° E. on Nicollet island, S. 22° IjJ. on Hennepin 
island, and S. 12° E. at the quarry opposite the University. 

During the epoch when the ice-sheet last overspread this region, its 
currents from the northeast and northwest were confluent and pushed 
against each other upon an area reaching from northern Dakota county 
to Minneapolis, and continuing northward and northwestward to the Leaf 
hills. In this city and westward to Minnetonka lake, and u23on a large 
area on the north, the dark bluish or gray till, weathered on the surface to 
a yellowish color, containing boulders and pebbles of limestone and of 
Cretaceous shale and other materiaj brought from the northwest, overlies 
the red till and rock-fragments from Lake Superior. This shows that, 
before the ice disappeared from this district, its current from the north- 
west became stronger and extended farther eastward than' in the former 
part of this glacial epoch, pushing back the opposing ice-current which 
came from the northeast. 

Minneapolis is mostly built on the plain of modified drift or beds of 
gravel, sand and clay, which were dejiosited by the floods that were 
pouretl along the valley of the Mississipjii river from the retreating ice- 
fields at the final melting. This modified drift occuiDies a width varying 
from one and a half to four miles on the west side of the Mississippi from 
Minneapolis to Fort Snelling. It is part of the ancient glacial flood-plain 
of this river, having a thickness in Minneapolis of 10 to 30 or 40 feet. 
The till upon which it lies usually has a similar thickness between this 
modified drift and the bed-rock. The till, or unmodified glacial drift, 
forme the surface at many places near the river where the modified drift 
has been eroded, or where it rises above the old flood-plain; and outside 
the limits of this plain it rises in morainic hills. The red till from Lake 
Superior is found on Central avenue and generally in the north and west 
parts of the city, but farther west it is covereel by the bluish or gray till. 

THE RECESSION OF THE FALLS OF ST. AXTHONY. 

The intimate connection between the history of the drift and the reces- 
sion of the Falls of St. Anthony affords a datum from which Professor N.. 
H. Winchell has computed the date of the last glacial ejioch. The gorge 
formed by the recession of the Falls extends, witli pretty nearly the same 
width and outward character, to Fort Snelling, a distance of about eight 



Plit/siral FcatureK, GeoUxjy, Etc. 47 

miles, where the river enters a gorge of a very different kind. This is an 
older river valley, — one which probably witnessed, at some more remote 
period, the recession of similar falls past the site of the Fort and up the 
valley of the Minnesota river toward Shakopse. The Minnesota occupies 
the main valley, the external character of which resembles that of the 
Mississippi valley below Fort Snelling, — the Mississippi river above the 
nnion of the two rivers being only a subordinate tributary. The Minne- 
sota, although smaller at the present time than the Mississippi, shows evi- 
dence of greater age, and of having flowed in greater volume during some 
period of its history. 

The principal points of difference between the Mississij^pi valley above 
Fort Snelling and the greater valley which it enters in at that place are as 
follows: The gorge of the Mississippi above the Fort is about a quarter 
of a mile wide; below the Fort it is a mile wide, the same width continuing 
up the Minnesota valley. The walls of the gorge of the Mississippi above 
the Fort have the appearance of having been freshly broken, the rock 
lying in uncovered fragments in a talus at the base; the older valley, on 
the other hand, is tlanked by bluffs that are rounded off, the fragments 
being hidden by a loam or by drift gravel, so that they are turfed over or 
even wooded. The limestone in the bluffs above the Fort is visible with- 
out interruption from the Fort to the Falls of St. Anthony ; in the older 
valley below the Fort it is only interruptedly exposed, and is cut out and 
broken down by other small tributary streams, and above the Fort the 
outcrop of the Trenton limestone is soon lost sight of under a thick cover- 
ing of drift. 

There is a perpendicular section of- the drift running along the top of 
the limestone in the Mississippi valley above the Fort, as if the drift had 
iallen when VaQ rock that supjiorted it gave way. The drift section abuts 
immediately upon the river, and forms a part of the high bluffs that 
enclose it; in the old valley which the Mississijjpi joins, the drift has been 
deposited irithin the rock bluffs and hides them, and there is no natural per- 
pendicular section of drift materials running along the tops of the bluffs. 
The direction of the Mississippi above the Fort is toward the southeast; 
but after entering the old valley it turns at a right angle and runs north- 
ward, that being also the direction of the Minnesota above the Fort. 

There is also another point in connection with the description of this 
gorge to which it is necessary to direct attention. The foregoing facts 
are alone sufficient to suggest to the reflective oberver some difference in 
the age of these two portions of the great valley. When, however, it is 
found that above the Falls of St. Anthony, but within the corporate limits 
of Minneapolis, the rock bluffs which so closely confine the river below the 



48 Hand-Book of MiiimnpoUs. 

Falls within the width of a quarter of a mile are suddenly diverted from- 
the river, running inland about a mile apart, covered with glacial and 
modified drift like the bluffs below the Fort, it becomes evident that here 
the Mississippi is running in an ancient channel, and for some reason the 
course of that great river has been changed, the narrow gorge that ex- 
tends between the Falls and Fort Snelling being, of course, the new cut. 

AN ANCIENT KIVER-CHANNEL. 

On tracing out the range of the rock-bluff on the west side of the Mis- 
sissippi above the Falls, hidden as that bluff is by loam and drift, it is 
found to fall rapidly away from the river near the railroad bridge, turning 
southward across the city, ascending the south side of Bassett's creek,, 
which joins the river some distance farther up, and finally passing out of 
sight in a southwesterly direction under a thick accumulation of drift. 

Going now across Bassett's creek, and taking the outcrop of the lime- 
stone, we pass over a wide valley filled with alluvium or brick clay — much 
too large a valley to have been formed by the sluggish creek that now 
runs through it. We find that the limestone, which along the river has 
a trend a little west of south, on reaching the valley of the creek swings 
more westwardly, parallel with the outcrop of the rock on the south side 
of the creek, and thus encloses a valley, even a gorge, cut in the limestone 
and sandstone, much wider than the gorge now being cut by the recess- 
ion of the Falls, but in width corresponding with that between the rock- 
bluffs above the mouth of Bassett's creek and comparable to that below 
Fort Snelling. 

Here, then, we have an old drift-filled valley, evidently formed at some 
more remote period than the present, which once held the Mississippi as it 
ran between rock-bound bluffs towards the Minnesota, and reached that 
great valley at some point between Fort Snelling and Shakopee. Bas- 
sett's creek, in making its way to the Mississippi, falls into the depression 
caused by the old valley in question, and follows it till it reaches the pres- 
ent river-channel. This ancient drift- tilled valley is over one hundred feet 
deep. This has been ascertained by the borings made for deep wells, and 
the materials which fill it up are found to be till and fine stratified clay, 
from below which rises artesian water. 

Such ancient buried river-channels are not uncommon. A number have 
been described in various parts of the United States. It is not common, 
however, that circumstances should so have combined as to produce, by the 
change of course of a river and the burial of its old valley, a retreating 
waterfall, which, by its uniform rate of recession, fixes the date of such 
change. Niagara river has thus been changed, but its rate of recession 



Physical Features, Geology, Etc. 49 

has not been uniform, owing to changes in the nature of the rock under- 
going the process of erosion, and to a dip in all the formations toward the 
south, which, of course, gradually diminishes the height of the Falls. 
There seems also to be no recognized datum-jjoint by which to establish a 
rate of recession. 

THE RATE OF RECESSION. 

It is not jDOssible to calculate the time required for the recession of the 
Falls of St. Anthony from Fort Suelling by relying on the known reces- 
sion since the settlement of the region, though they have gone back about 
five hundred feet. This extraordinary rate has been caused by artificial 
means, chiefly by the construction of saw-mills and dams, •directing 
thereby the current or concentrating it on certain points, and by the pas- 
sing of logs over the Falls. We must have recourse to historical data. 
Fortunately we have records of the appearance of the Falls at different 
times, by which we can fix their position. 

They were discovered by Louis Hennepin, in July, 1680, who described 
the cataract as a "fall fifty or sixty feet in height, and having an island 
of rock in the form of a pyramid in the middle of the chute"' 

Jonathan Carver, who visited the Falls of St. Anthony in 1766, thus 
describes them: "This amazing body of waters, which are about 250 
yards over, form a most pleasing cataract; they fall perpendicularly abont 
30 feet, and the rapids below, in the space of 300 yards more, render the 
descent considerable greater. * * * la the middle of the Falls stands 
a small island, about 40 feet broad and somewhat longer, on which grow a 
few hemlock and spruce trees; and about halfway between this island and 
the eastern shore is a rock lying at the very edge of the Falls in an ob- 
lique position, that appeared to be 5 or 6 feet broad, and 30 or 40 long. 

* * * At a little distance below the Falls stands a small island of 
about an acre and a half." 

Lieut. Z. N. Pike visited the Falls, in the service of the United States 
Government, in September, 1805. His journal reads as follows: "On an 
actual survey, I find the portage to be 260 poles; but when the river is not 
very low, boats ascending may put in 31 poles below, at a large cedar 
tree, which would reduce it to 229 poles. The hill on which the portage 
is made is 69 feet ascent, with an elevation at the point of debarkation of 
45°. The fall of the water between the points of debarkation and reload- 
ing is 58 feet; the perpendicular fall of the chute is 16 J feet; the width of 
the river above the chute is 627 yards, below 209." 

Major Stephen H. Long visited the Falls of St. Anthony in a six-oared 
boat in 1817. The following is his account: "The perpendicular face of 
the water at the cataract, as stated by Pike, in his journal, is sixteen and a 
4 



50 Haiid-BooJi of 3Iinneapolis. 

half feet, which I found to be true by actual measurement. To this height, 
however, four or five feet may be added for the rapid descent which immedi- 
ately succeeds the perpendicular fall within a few yards below. Immedi- 
ately at the cataract the river is divided into two parts by an island, which 
extends considerably above and below the cataract, and is about 500 yards 
long. The channel on the right side of the island is about three times 
the width of that on the left. The quantity of water passing through 
them is not, however, in the same proportion, as about one-third part of 
the whole passes through the left channel. In the broadest channel, just 
below the cataract, is a small island also, about fifty yards in length and 
thirty in breadth; both of these islands contain the same kind of rocky 
formation 'as the banks of the river, and are nearly as high. Besides these 
there are, immediately at the foot of the cataract, two islands of very incon- 
siderable size, situated in the right channel also. The rajsids commence 
several hundred yards above the cataract, and continue about eight miles 
below. The fall of the water, beginning at the head of the rapids, and 
extending two hundred and sixty rods down the river to where the port- 
age-road commences, below the cataract, is according to Pike, fifty-eight 
feet. If this estimate be true, the whole fall from the head to the foot of 
the rapids is not probably much less than one hundred feet." 

In 1828 Major Long again visited the Falls of St. Anthony on his way 
up the Minnesota river. Professor Keating, of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, who accompanied him as geologist and naturalist, thus describes 
the Falls: "An island, stretched in the river both above and below the fall, 
separates it into two unequal parts, the eastern being two hundred and 
thirty yards wide, and the western three hundred and ten. * * * * Con- 
cerning the height of the fall and breadth of the river at this place, much 
incorrect information has been published. Hennepin, who was the first 
European who visited it, states it to be fifty or sixty feet high. * * * * 
This height is by Carver reduced to about thirty feet; his strictures upon 
Hennepin, whom he taxes with exaggeration, might with great propriety 
be retorted upon himself; and we feel strongly inclined to say of him, as 
he said of his predecessor. ' The good father, I fear, too often had no 
other foundation for his accounts than report, or at least a slight inspec- 
tion.' * * * * Mr. Calhoun measured it while we were there with a rough 
water-level, and made it about fifteen feet." 

SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DATA. 

The above statements may be summarized, and the following data 
arrived at: — 

Hennepin, 1680. — Pyramidal rocky island dividing the fall near the 
middle. Height of the fall, fifty or sixty feet. 



Physical FeatureSs Oeolocjy, Etc. 51 

Caever, 1766.— Width of river 250 yards; height of the fall, 30 feet; 
a small island in the middle of the fall 40 feet broad and "somewhat 
longer," and another of an acre and a half a little below the falls; an 
island also above the Falls, shown by the sketch engraved in his book; an 
oblique rock in the brink of the Falls, halfway between the island and the 
east shore, " about five or six feet broad and thirty or forty long." 

Pike, 1805. — The waterfall, 16.1- f^et; width of the river above the falls, 
€27 yards, below 209; portage, 260 poles. 

Lo'NG, 1817. — An island, five hundred yards long, separated the cataract 
into two parts, extending also above and below the Falls; the fall on the 
west side is three times as wide as that on the east; but one-third part of 
the water descends the east channel. A small island, 50 yards by 30, just 
below the cataract in the west channel. The islands are rocky, with the 
same formation as the banks, "and nearly as high;" two others, of fallen 
fragments and of small size, near the foot of the cataract in the west 
channel. 

Keating, 1823. — An island in the river both above and below the cata- 
ract, separating it into two unequal parts, the eastern 230 yards, and the 
western 310 yards wide, the island itself being 100 yards wide; below the 
fall the river contracts to about 200 yards. 

By combining and adjusting these statements with each other, a con- 
tinued record is found of the appearance of the Falls since their discovery, 
and by the j^resent existence of islands in the channel and in the cataract 
the position of the Falls at certain dates may be satisfactorily established. 
When they were discovered by Hennepin they were divided by Spirit 
island, and were much higher than now, owing probably to the contrac- 
tion of the gorge below the Falls. The gorge across Si^irit island has a 
width of 135-0 feet, determined by a system of triangulation by Mr. M. 
D. Ehame; while the width of the gorge, including Hennepin island, is 
1700 feet at the point where the Falls were in 1856. Below Spirit island 
the gorge becomes still narrow. When Carver saw the Falls in 1766, 
they ajapearto have been just leaving Spirit island and entering on Henne- 
pin island. Lieutenant Pike makes no mention of any island in the Falls 
in 1805, though he gives a description of the Falls themselves. When he 
arrived Spirit island must have been wholly below the Falls, and Henne- 
pin island must have come farther into them, as described by Major Long 
in 1817. That island then divided them unequally, the main channel 
bemg on the west side of the island. In 1823 Keating reports the same 
general description. It is tolerably well known where the Falls were in 
1856. The Falls in the channel have not receded perceptibly since that 
date, while those in the west channel have gone back about 500 feet, as 
already stated. 



52 Hund-Book of Minneitpolis. 

The most careful measurement ever made of the river between Fort 
Snelling and the Falls of St. Anthony was conducted by Gen. G. K. 
Warren. His maps make the distance almost exactly eight miles. A 
series of triangulations has been made with a view of ascertaining as 
nearly as possible the amounts of recession since Hennepin's and Carver's 
visits. The interval between Carver's time and 1856 is regarded as the 
most reliable datum, because the statements of Hennepin do not deter- 
mine at what point in Spirit island he saw the crest of the Falls. Still, 
for the purpose of comparison, a point has been assumed on Spirit island, 
and from it measurements have befen made, it being presumed that Hen- 
nepin saw the Falls when they were near the middle of this island. The 
survey makes the recession between the discovery of the Falls and Car- 
ver's visit 300 feet; between Carver ai'd 1856, 606 feet; and the whole 
recession since Hennepin in 1680, 906 feet. This gives us three rates of 
recession, as follows: (1), Between Hennepin and Carver, 3.49 feet per 
year; (2), between Carver and 1856, 6.73 feet per year; and (3), between 
Hennepin and 1856, 5.15 feet per year. The times required for the reces- 
sion from Fort Snelling would be respectively: (1), 12,103 years; (2), 
6,276 years; and (3), 8,202 years. The average of these is 8,859. 

PRE-HISTORIC RECESSION. 

Now, this only expresses the time involved in the recession from Fort 
Snelling, which is several miles above St. Paul. There must have been a 
prior time when the Falls were at St. Paul, and even below that pointy 
inasmuch as the same coujunction of circumstances and the same forma- 
tion extends several miles below that city. It is not probable, however,, 
that any data will be discovered for computing that period of recession ; it 
must have been during the preglacial times and nearly all the traces of 
that history have been obliterated by the ice of the glacial peried. That 
recession must have continued past Fort Snelling, along the old valley, 
and toward Shakopee; and from some point in the Minnesota valley the 
falls of the Mississipi^i river may have receded, and probably did, through 
the intervening portion of Hennepin county, by Lakes Harriet and Cal- 
houn, to the wide valley occupied by Bassett's creek, eroding this and the 
wide Mississippi valley above Bassett's creek. This preglacial channel is in 
the area where the opposing ice-currents of the last glacial epoch were 
confluent; and it has been choked up and deeply covered by the glacial 
and modified drift. The river thus crowded out of its old valley took a new 
course farther east; and at the point where it re-entered its abandoned 
channel or valley, it gave origin to the postglacial falls of St. Anthony by 
plunging over the limestone in which the old channel had been excavated. 



Settlement and Oroioth. 53 

The gorge since formed, eiglit miles in length, reaching from Fort Snel- 
ling to the present place of the Falls, is postglacial; and the time occupied 
in its excavation extending from the date when the ice-sheet disapjieared 
till now, IS estimated, by the historical data here stated, to be about 8,000 
J ears. 

The Falls of Minnehaha, 50 feet high, have cut a gorge about a half 
mile long, joining that of the Mississippi above Fort Snelling and about 
six miles from Minneapolis. 



THE SETTLEMENT AND GROWTH OF THE CITY 
OF MINNEAPOLIS. 




C^HE germ of a great city lies in its natural position, which must 



r ->,-\~<rfc" "1 iieeds be endowed with one or more primary qualities essential to 
' ''■~ development ; and in proportion as these qualities are 
possessed and blended with each other will its future greatness be assured. 

Its situation must be one to which a large and productive area of country 
is necessarily tributary; or it must stand as a natural centre of trade and 
an established centre of population ; or it must serve as an inlet for immi- 
gration and an outlet for the shipment and distribution of crops ; or it 
must contain within its own probable limits means possible of adaptation 
to manufacture. 

That Minneapolis has her strongest raison (Vetre in her exceptionally 
perfect possession of this last great qualification for greatness, we have 
already shown, but that she has reached a point of development at which 
she becomes practically independent of any one element of success, is due 
to Vm fact that she combines, in an extraordinary manner, each and all of 
these alternative essentials. 

The city commands a superb agricultural region, only, as yet, imper- 
fectly utilized, which is simply imperial in extent; as the terminus of 
railways radiating to all j^oints of the compass, she is fast becoming a 
general commercial depot for the whole of this vast area; as the main 
gateway to "the new Northwest," the tides of immigration set strongly 
towards her, whilst an immense supply of staples passes daily outward to 
the markets of the world ; and, finally, upon the banks of her great water- 
power, not one-fifth of which is yet employed, stands a growing group of 
factories preparing for human consumption the varied jsroducts of the 
soil. 



54 Hand-j^ook of Minm'ripolis. 

So recent and so almost phenomenally rapid has been the growth of the 
city of Minneapolis that it is a matter of especial interest to trace out in 
brief retrospect, the path of her progress from its earliest beginnings to 
the near present. Seldom can a local history, pregnant with such great 
results, be written in so condensed a form. 

A DUAL ORKtIN. The present city of Minneapolis embraces not only 
the corporation originally organized under that name, but also the former 
city of 3t. Anthony. The early years of the history of each must there- 
fore be sketched separately up to the time of their union. In point of 
age, St. Anthony has the priority, while in size she was quickly outstripped 
by her younger and more fortunate sister, 

EARLY SETTLEME^^T OF ST. ANTHOJiY. As already recorded in 
the history of the Falls, the first persons to select and stake out 
claims upon the East Side of the river were Major Plympton and 
other officers of Fort Snelling. Their military j^osition, however, 
together with their too early anticipation of the cession of the land 
by the Indians, combined to prejudice the legality of their occupa- 
tion. Franklin Steele entered, in 1837, upon the coveted claim, which 
included the Falls upon that side of the river, and built a log cabin upon 
it. He was soon followed by others, and experienced some difficulty in 
holding his possessions. 

In 1845, Pierre Bottineau, who was held in great repute as a guide by 
the early settlers, also established himself upon the present site of St. 
Anthony, and purchased several very valuable claims. Some fifty persons 
were then resident within the after limits of the city. Two years later 
Wm. A. Cheever settled near the site of the State University, and con- 
ducted negotiations between Franklin Steele and certain Eastern capital- 
ists, which resulted in the purchase by the latter of the East side water- 
power at a cost of -SI 2,000. The erection of saw-mills was at once started, 
and the first to be completed beyond the limits of the military reservtition, 
was running in the year following. 

In 1848 the first ferry was constructed across the Mississippi, at St. 
Anthony, not far from the present Suspension Bridge. 

In 1849 St. Anthony held some three hundred people; the first school was 
started in a little cabin, some stores built, and a post-office established. 
A library association was also founded, and other social refinements wit- 
nessed to the improving character of the settlers and the growth of the 
new city. 

In the next two years, churches appeared, the first survey of the town 
was completed, and the pioneer uewspajDer, entitled "The St. Anthony 
Express," published. 



Settlement and Growth. 55 

In 1854 and 1855 the first susjaenRion bridge was built, and was largely 
instrumental in the sjjread of business from the East side, where it had 
been altogether concentrated, to the West. 

During the latter year the city of St. Anthony was incorporated by act 
of the Legislature, and its first council chosen. 

In 1856 the erection of the University of Minnesota was begun. 

The control, of the water-power, which had hitherto remained in indi- 
vidual hands, was vested, at this time, in two companies, the one known as 
" The St. Anthony Water-Power Company," and the other as " The Minnea- 
polis Water-Power ComjDany." The erection of mills, which had been con- 
stantly on the increase, was stimulated by the transfer. 

St. Anthony now boasted 105 business places, several churches and 
hotels, and a large and growing number of residences, but the town suf- 
fered in common with the whole country, in the general financial paralysis 
of 1857. 

The year 1860 saw the organization of a full municipal government, 
and that of 1862 the completion of the first railroad between St. Anthony 
and St. Paul. 

THE UNION OF THE SISTER CITIES. From this time until her 
union with the city of Minneapolis, the growth of St. Anthony was steady 
and substantial. As the former city gradually tcok the lead, business 
was, in some measure, carried across the river, and the destruction, by 
fire and other means, of several mills, \>\\i an end, for some years, to the 
milling interests upon the East side where they had been first estab- 
lished. In 1872, despite the reluctance of many of her citizens, a union 
of the two corporations was effected by act of Legislature, and St. Anthony 
lost her separate identity. 

FIRST SETTLEMENT IN MINNEAPOLIS, The land upon which 
the city of Minneapolis now stands, was originally included, for the 
most part, within the limits of the Government reservation attached 
to Fort Snelling, and this fact long proved a hindrance to its settle- 
ment, and aa embarrassment to those who had the temerity, neverthe- 
less, to establish themselves upon it. The first settlers were the Swiss, 
who were driven, by hardship, from the impoverished Selkirk Colony, and 
arrived at the Fort in the year 1826. Despite of the discouragements they 
met with from the officers, they dwelt upon the reservation for nearly ten 
years, when, by order of the Grovernment, they were forcibly removed, and 
obliged to seek new homes in St. Paul, or in parts of Wisconsin. 

They were a farming community, and so distinctly rui-al in their ten- 
dencies, that they cannot be regarded as bearing any part in the forma- 
tion of the coming city. 



56 IIitnd-Book of Minneapolis. 

PIONEER SETTLERS. The actual pioneer of Minneapolis was Col. 
J. H. Stevens, who, with ten others, arrived in April, 1849, and settled at 
St. Anthonj. He was determined, however, to establish himself upon 
the West side of the Mississippi,' and by special permission of the Govern- 
ment, he was allowed to occupy a claim upon the reservation, where he 
built a log house and wintered in it with his family. One of his daugh- 
ters, since deceased, was the first white cliild bom within the limits of 
Minneapolis. 

In the same year he was followed by C. A. Tuttle and others, who built 
houses in the immediate neighborhood, and by the end of 1850 a small 
colony of cabins marked the foundations of the future metroijolis. 

Hon. Robert Smith leased the old Government house and mill, built 
upon the reservation in 1821, and occupied a claim by a like ppecial per- 
mission as Col. Stevens obtained, but the majority of these early settlers 
established themselves upon the reservation in the hope that they would 
finally be permitted to " prove up " their claims. They were duly warned 
to the contrary, but persisted in their occupation, and formed a land asso- 
ciation for their mutual protection and benefit. When, in 1854, the 
authorities directed the public sale of these lands, they despatched to 
Washington a delegation of citizens, who were successful in obtaining a 
" stay of proceedings," and fijially in securing the passage through Con- 
gress of an act providing for the reduction of the reservation, and grant- 
ing to the settlers the privilege of pre-empting the lands. In the spring 
of 1855 they were allowed to " prove up " their claims and secure their 
titles. 

The reduction of the reservation caused a great increase of the popula- 
tion, and opened the way for the speedy upgrowth of the new city. 

During the year 1854 more than a hundred houses and nine stores were 
built, and the place received its name. 

In 1855 a number of other stores were put up, and four churches were 
established. 

The financial depression of 1857 temporarily cripj^led the growth of the 
town, and caused much proj^erty to change hands at a heavy loss. 

Already the population had reached 2,000, 42 business houses had 
started, a court liouse and a costly school building were in process of 
erection, a Board of Trade was established, two saw mills were running on 
the West side of the river, and four physicians and ten lawyers were prac- 
ticing in their respective professions. In the year 1858 Minneapolis was 
incorporated, under a town government, but so burdensome . were the 
expenses attending the new venture, and the corporation was so heavily 
taxed, that the citizens requested the Legislature to repeal the charter in 



Popxlfttion. 57 

1862, and the city was re-organized under township management. The 
first flouring mill on the West side of the river was completed in 1859, and 
another in 1860. 

Three additional mills followed in 1863, 1866 and 1867. It was not 
until 1867 that an act was again passed, providing for the reincor- 
poration of the city. During the intervening years the growth of 
Minneapolis was gradual, and from this period to the present stage of 
development will be best observed by a brief glance at the progress of her 
business and public interests in detail. 

The union of the two cities under public charter, in the year 1872, has 
been already noted; an alliance which promoted the resulting corjjoration 
of Minneapolis to the rank of large cities. 

The Minneapolis of 1883 placed in comparison with the city of ten 
years since, by means of the estimates and tables which fill the following 
pages, witnessed to a growth equalled only by that of Chicago and 
beyond that of any other city in the Union. 



THE POPULATION OP MINNEAPOLIS. 




ITH the single exception of Chicago, no other American city has 
ever had the remarkably rapid growth in population, which has, 
so far, signalized the history of Minneapolis. 
Whatever future may be in store for the city, her past is, even by Chic- 
ago, unexcelled. 

Twenty- eight years of existence had done no more for the latter than 
they have accomplished for her northern neighbor; and there is no dis- 
cernible reason why the present rate of increase should not persist indef- 
initely, imtil Minneapolis takes rank among the largest cities in America. 

All the conditions which favor growth are combined in a more than or- 
dinary degree; nature and art seem to vie with each other in aid of human 
industry ; the capacity of the jilace for development is almrist unlimited, and 
the surrounding country, rich in but partially utilized agricultural facili- 
ties, is a continually enlarging market for supplies. 



58 



Ha ml- Book of Minneapolis. 



The city lias gained in the year past an impetus which must carry it on- 
ward by its own intrinsic force, operating independently of every external 
stimulus, into a great and successful future. 

The following figures show the rapidity with which the population has 
increased from its Very earliest beginnings to the present year: 

INCREASE OF POPULATION. 



YEAB. 


AUTHORITY. 


NUMBER. 


1850 






18(iO 


U.S. Census 




■ 5 809 


1870 

1880 




13,066 


1883 


Directory estimates 


94 337 









The immense increase in numbers since the census of 1880, resting as it 
does upon unofficial authority, may naturally give rise to some question 
of the accuracy of the statement. 

Yet, marvelous as they seem, the facts are well substantiated, and the 
figures are the result of the most moderate calculation. For several years 
past the city directory has been compiled by the same careful hands; the 
names it has taken have been strictly confined to those adults engaged in 
actual business or professional callings, and no exaggeration of numbers 
has been permitted. The above estimate of the city's population at the 
present time is obtained from the latest issue of the directory in the follow- 
ing manner: A proportional ratio has been determined between the di- 
rectory total of 188C and the population by census of that year. This 
ratio is 2.64, and upon this basis the population of each succeeding year 
has been calculated. A steady and slightly increasing gain ip 1881, '82 
and '83 has brought the population ujj to its present estimate. In this 
way, multiplying the number of the present directory names, 35,355, by 
2iViT, the above total of 94,337 is obtained. 



rj^<=:^- 



Wheat Market. 



59 



THE WHEAT MARKET OF MINNEAPOLIS. 




HE wheat market of Miuueapolis, by a steady yearly increase, 
keeping pace with the development of the country tributary to 
W^^'^tfj- it^ transacts, at the present time, a larger aggregate of actual 
business than any city in America, with the single exception of New York. 
She is already the largest s^sring wheat center in the country, and reduces 
to flour the greatest quantity of grain. 

Her trade in this cereal, unlike that of Chicago and other cities, is 
strictly legitimate. 

Thus, of the 18,947,500 bushels received in 1882, but 2,005,000 bushels 
were re-shipped, whilst the remaining 16,942,500 bushels were turned into 
flour. 

Whilst wheat is the chief staple of the Minneapolis grain market, the 
trade in other forms of grain has shown a corresponding increase. 

In 1882 the city received 1,054,000 bushels of corn, an increase of 745,- 
000 bushels over the total of the preceding year; and 1,446,000 bushels of 
oats, againts 420,800 bushels in 1881. 

The aggregateof the whole grain trade for the last year was .^23,500,000. 

Not only the quantity but the quality of the wheat which, in the main, 
she reduces to flour, insures the destiny of Minneapolis as the principal 
wheat market of the Northwest. 

The following tables will afi'ord new evidence of the remarkable j^rogress 
of the city, and of the possibilities of growth still ojien to her in the near 
future : 



MONTHLY STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF WHEAT FOR SEVEN YEARS. 



MONTHS. 


1882. 


1881. 


1880. 


1879. 


1878. 


1877. 


1876. 




l,297,aTO 
1,431,0(.I0 
1,079,500 
876,5l« 
1,125,5 
1,133 oa) 
1,041,(X)0 
1.031..^IH> 

2Jt",lMIIIII 
2,282,()UU 


1,205,700 
465,000 
1,1.54,700 
1,057,500 
1 552.550 
1,653.300 
1,485,450 
l,201..'in(t 
i.."ir..:.i)!:(i 

liaii.ysii 


485.600 
541,400 
580,100 
814,3(X) 
761,300 
923.600 
67 -.-'.^OO 
lit ;i •,.■_'! Id 
l.:«u.7iii 

i,ur-',2uo 


497.470 
492.162 
595 556 
499,840 
599 526 
598.984 
610.940 
455 713 
540,570 
976.611 
886,190 
770,302 


428,800 
477.600 
332,440 

512,600 
386,400 
288.400 
2661100 
210,800 
250,(XK1 
416,8a) 
602,8(K) 
408,400 


233,200 
15.5.600 
126,800 
393,600 
478.440 
333,21 '0 
366,400 
1V6,21K) 
426,400 
666,4(X) 
566,4a) 
588,000 


258,625 
253,125 
376,875 
597,375 
331 875 


February 

March . . . 


April 


May 


June 


552 750 
388,500 
267,200 
410,625 
574,350 
570,375 
453.000 


July . 


August 

September 

October 


December 


Total 


18,947,^00 


16,317,250 


10,264,000 


7,514,364 


4,591,000 


4,500,000 


5,037,575- 



60 Hand- Book of MinnenpoUs. 

MONTHLY STATEMENT OF SHIPMENTS OF WHEAT FOR vSEVEN TEARS. 



MONTHS. 

January . . 


1882. 

24()..-.ai 
284.5a 1 
229,000 
89.(K)0 
113,500 
168,5(10 
164,a)0 
15.-(,5iO 
127.000 
117, .500 
193,(XI0 
220,000 

2,105,000 


1681. 
3,150 

4,. 5a) 

7,630 

9.900 
19,350 
32850 
24,700 
27,900 
21,6(K) 
77,850 
88,400 
198,4a) 

514,750 


1880. 

17,20a 

2,400 
6,400 
1.200 
4,800 
8,000 
12.4(X) 
4(_)0 
2,4a) 
10,400 
64,4(K) 
3,600 

133,600 


1879. 

39,6rt) 
. 53 8(W 

16.8ai 
8,a)0 

15,2(X) 
9.200 
8,400 
4,400 
2,(X)0 
800 
8,4a) 

10.800 

177,400 


1878. 

16,000 
2,000 
5,600 
3,600 

86,000 

80O 

6,000 


1877. 


1876. 
1,500 






2 500 


March 




1,125 


April 




2,750 
3.305 


May 


3 000 
80O 

1,6a) 

400 




7,5a) 


July . 


8,4(X) 


August 

September .... 


5,.-95 


5.2a) 

7,200 
28,800 
48,400 

195,2a) 


8.420 


October 

November 


2,000 
5,600 
7,203 

20,200 


5,625 
l,na) 


Total 


48,030 



MONTHLY STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF FLOUR FOR SEVEN YEARS. 



MONTHS. 


1882. 


1881. 


1880. 


1879. 


1878. 


1877. 


1876. 


January 


24,125 
13,875 
8,125 
6,0IX) 
10,875 
7 625 
7,125 
10,625 
14.498 
29,215 
37.7.50 
40.750 

210 4H8 


26,500 
11,800 
10,400 
10,900 
20,8ai 
26,(X)0 
18.700 
25,UK) 
21,800 
27,7a) 
.S6,200 
26,600 

262.5a) 


6,6f)0 
5,ia) 
6.200 
6,100 
5,100 
2,6tK) 
3,100 

2,ax) 
4.8ai 

15,200 

16,7a) 

26,2(K) 
103,00) 


10.9CX) 

i,ax) 

12,61X) 

6,7ai 
12,4a) 
10.6a) 

11,81XJ 

15.8a) 

7.700 

9,9W) 

9,400 

- 13,100 

130,900 


1.900 

i.7ai 

1,5(X) 
2,700 
4,9(X) 
6,100 
8,60) 
4,801 
7,800 
9,40) 

g.wo 

15.80) 
64.300 


500 

500 

1,501 

2,700 

3,4(X) 

2,6ik: 

2,6(K) 

i.ax) 
3,4ai 

4.8a) 

6,5tX) 
3,800 

33,20) 


2,50) 
3,50) 


March 


4,500 


April 


2,60) 


May 

June 

July 


4.20) 
4,30) 
4.4(10 




2,1(K) 


September 


2,5(X) 
4.3a) 


November 


4.4(X) 
2,5(XJ 


Total 


41,390 







MONTHLY STATEMENT OF SHIPMENTS OF FLOUR FOR SEVEN YEARS. 



MONTHS. 


1882. 


1881. 


1880. 


1879. 


1878. 


1877. 


1876. 




207.790 
180,122 
162,2)5 
169,577 
2a), 639 
144.997 
164,5,52 
202,697 
288,237 
496.088 
492.645 
466,453 

3,175,910 


211,192 
1.58,480 
220,434 
269,440 
289,838 
342,627 
309,632 
307,115 
293.350 
386,(X)5 
204,390 
163,473 

3,142 674 


93,446 
81,238 
139,9(X) 
136,10) 
159,416 
171.4.56 
189,923 
190.227 
142,407 
253,014 
237,338 
252,375 

2,051,840 


74,260 
86,090 
109,506 
105,713 
130,641 
134,518 
147.716 
137,670 
118,686 
174,413 
186,421 
166,565 

1,551,789 


84,139 
80,114 
95,804 
112,632 
64,650 
63,983 
65,239 
41.250 
62,258 
87,900 
88,189 
94,634 

940,786 


41.6.50 
18,696 
42,450 
83,3.50 
92,770 
67,650 
70.880 
62,575 
78,825 
i28,8(K) 
117,027 
131,891 

935,544 


57.350 


February 


49,300 

77.2(X) 


April 


70,800 


May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Total 


86.300 
99,900 
82,20) 
83,8CK1 
91500 
112,000 
106,6a) 
83,726 

1,000,676 



Manufacture of Flour. 



61 



THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR. 




j-CxHE flouring mills of Minneapolis are the possibilities of the 
water-fall made real; the material results of the matchless 
power which has borne so large a part in determining the pros- 
perity of the city. 

The multiplication of these manufactories, representing an immense 
investment of capital, the improvement of the process of reduction, and 
the quality of the wheat from which it is produced, have united to place 
Minneapolis far beyond any possible rivalry as a flour-milling center. 

In 1863 only five mills were in operation, and 35,000 barrels of flour 
was considered a large annual yield; to-day twenty-seven establishments 
are running with an aggregate producing capacity, per diem, of 27,650 
barrels. 

In 1861, the mills produced 3,142,974 barrels of flour, and in 1882, in 
despite of the failure of early crops, only a little less than that number. 

Of the product of 1882, over one-third was shipjaed direct to foreign 
markets, which were opened only three years ago to Minneapolis flour; 
75,000 barrels were used for home consumption; and the remainder was 
sent to other domestic markets. 

The statement appended shows the rate of increase during the period 
above named, though still but a small percentage of the growth possible 
within the easily available limits of the water-power. 



REPOET OF FLOUR MANUFACTURE AND EXPORT FOR TWENTY-TWO 
YEARS. 



■[■:, YEAR. 


PRODUCT. 

(bbls.; 


FOREIGN 
EXPORT. 

(bbls.) 


1860 


30,000 

98.000 

193,000 

585,000 

727,000 

843,000 

1,(X)0,675 

935 544 

940,786 

1,551,789 

2,051,840 

3,142,974 

3,124,919 




1865 




1870 




1873 




1874 




1675 




1876 




1877 




1878 


109,183 


1879 


442,598 


1880 


769,442 


1881 ... 




1,181,322 


1882 











The city contains seven grain elevators which, together with the mills, 
possess a storage capacity of 4,340,000 bushels. 



•62 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 



THE LUMBER MILLS. 




r03*HE lumber trade of 1850 was the first fruit gathered from the 
^ utilization of the water-j^ower, and for many years was the chief 

d~~.Jj^^ industry of the cities of Minneapolis and St. Anthony. 

From the first saw-mill, built by Mr. Franklin Steele in 1848, with its 
modest outfit and slender yield, to the seventeen large establishments of 
1883 with a last year's manufacture of 312,239,000 feet, is a long and 
almost incredible step. 

At the present time, the milling of lumber is only second in importance 
to the milling of flour, and is a witness not only to the development of 
the general manufacturing interests of Minneapolis, but also to the mar- 
vellous extent to which its own upbuilding has been carried. 

An abundance of logs, a brisk demand both at home and abroad, and 
well sustained prices united to render the lumber season of 1882 unusually 
profitable.- The excess of sales over these of the preceding year, was 
nearly 78,000,000 feet, and nearly 200,000,000 feet were purchased for 
home use. 

In consequence of this enormous home consumption the outside trade 
was supplied from other points, and there was a marked decrease, there- 
fore, in the quantity usually shipped elsewhere. 

The prospects for the lumber interest during the current year are un- 
usually good. "With an even larger supply than ever before of raw material, 
with the anticipated addition of two new mills to the power a'lready 
employed, and a constant demand in excess of the possibilities of supply, 
there is every reason to expect a growth corresponding to that of the pre- 
ceding year. 

The annual lumber production in the Minneapolis mills for the last 
thirteen years is ajjpended in tabular form. 

PRODUCTION OF LUMBER FOR 13 YEARS. 
Year. Feet. 

1B70 118,223,100 

1871 '. 117,157,000 

1872 '.".". 167,918,820 

1873 189,910,000 

1874 191,305,680 

1875 156,655,000 

1876 ' 200 371,250 

1877 129,676,000 

1878 '..'. 130,274,100 

1879 ' 149.154,500 

1880.: :::::: ::::;■ :::::;:;::: 195,452,200 

1881 230.403.000 

1882. "." 312,239,000 



Oeneral Manufacture. 63 



GENERAL MANUFACTURES. 




manufacturing basis is undoubtedly the firmest foTindation upon 
Q which a city can be built, and the actual conditions which con- 
tribute to the possibility of its possession are the surest guar- 
antee of a great future. 

Granted these advantages to a new community, and every other form of 
hunian activity will be inevitably attracted to the spot. The development 
of these interests may be slow, but is accomplished in obedience to the law 
of supply answering to a persistent demand. 

To say that Minneapolis rests upon so enviably secure a footing, is not, 
by any means, to assert that she has yet realized or fulfilled her destiny. 
Not only are many of her subordinate enterprises still in embryo, 
but even the fullness of her future as a manufacturing center is not yet 
apparent. 

The power which drives her mill-wheels expends but a small projiortion 
of itself upon the tasks to which it is already set. Four-fifths of the 
restless energy of the water-fall still runs to waste. 

Large opjDortunities are still open, not merely to the flour and the saw- 
mill, biat to every form of manufacture conducted by water or by steam. 

The day cannot be far distant when the aggregate of the miscellaneous 
products of Minneapolis factories will far exceed the combined totals of 
these now predominant interests. Already a great number and variety of 
■establishments have found place for themselves and market for their 
goods. Agricultural and general machinery, cars, furniture, hardware 
and stoves, wagons and carriages, sashes and doors, bricks, mill furnish- 
ings, barrels, harness, clothing, boots and shoes, crackers, cigars and beer, 
-are articles of home production, on a large scale; and ere long Minne- 
apolis will be a general manufacturing center for "the new Northwest." 

In the year 1882, 7,388 men were employed within the limits of the 
city in the production of these miscellaneous articles to the amount of 
$17,000,000. 

The total of manufactures, including flour and lumber, reached $43,- 
'759,490, showing an increase, despite the partial failure of the wheat crop 
of 1881, over the preceeding year of $2,066,134. 



64 Hand-Book of Minneapolis, 

The following is a summary of 

MANUFACTURES FOK 1882: 



MANUFACTDKE. 


Employed 


Value Of 
Manufacture. 


Agricultural machinerv 


5tlO 
90 
30 

960 

lUO 
45 

200 
30 

136 

'IS 

60 

1300 

94 

454 

32 

1200 
320 
20 
108 

60 
57 
16 

500 

650 
18 

112 
13 
20 

105 
60 

135 
1200 
44 
85 
35 

150 
90 

220 

480 

9,912 


$1,980,000 






Bat^s 


2''5 Olio 




2 14(1 iHiO 


Beer 














5-2,000 
415,0C0 






22(1,(100 


Brooms and makers' supplies 


IS.dllL' 






Cars 


l,.S7ll.0(iO 




157.21 K.» 


Clothing, cotton goods, etc 


784,HO(l 


Extracts spices etc 


220,0(10 


Flour .... 


19,718,249 


Furniture, beds bed springs, etc 


908 000 


Furs 

Galvanized iron, roofing, etc 


31,000 
12,000 
16,. 500 




290,.5I«) 


Harness, saddlery, etc. . . .... 


178,2.50 




51,(A«J 




4,998,800 




1,632,000 




186,000 


Mill furnishers and builders. ... 


826,990 




33,(K>0 




429.51 K) 


Paper . 


275,0(;k) 


Picture frames, show cases, etc 


170.(H«» 




12,030.000 




121,(KI0 




419,0(J0 




^ 115,0(K) 




319,000 


Woodwork (.miscellaneous) .... . 


5 275,000 


Woolen goods 'North Star Mill) . ..!... 


,4(i2,0()0 




tiO."l,UI»l 


Totals 


$43,7.".9,+',(ii 








(65) 



Wholesale and Retail Trade. 67 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE. 



P^(^^5^E0OND only to the remarkable progress of the manufacturing 
interests of Minneapolis has been the history of her growth in 
trade. As the railroad center of a large tributary country, and 
the chief market for its agricultural products, it was necessary that the 
city should become a wholesale depot for general merchandise. 

The increase of jobbing trade has been of comparatively recent date, 
and of natural order ; a steady, healthy growth in direct proportion to the 
demand of neighboring custom. 

The pre-eminence of its manufacturing position has, perhaps, tended to 
obscure the fact of its great commercial importance; a fact which every 
year, forces itself more markedly upon public recognition. 

Seven years since, the aggregate of wholesale trade transacted during 
the year was S5,373,651; in 1882 it reached the sum of $97,000,000;— a 
result which surpasses the most glowing expectations of success. 

New capital is continually seeking investment in the city, and the 
establishment of new jobbing firms is only embarrassed by a lack of suit- 
able store-buildings. 

There can be no question that Minneapolis and her sister city are 
rapidly drawing away from Chicago the trade of all the extreme north- 
west of the country of which they are natural business centers, and as 
this new country develops its resources the wholesale trade must assume 
proportions compared with which its present is insignificant. The 
appended summary gives the aggregates of jobbing business in the 
various departments, for the year 1882. 

Agricultural Machinery $ 6,985,000 

Awnings, duck goods, etc 298,000 

Bags 480,000 

Barrels and barrel stock 2,140,(1)0 

Beer, liquors, etc 1,650,000 

Boxes, paper and wooden 50,000 

Bread, crackers, etc 469,0)0 

Brooms 120,000 

Boots and shoes 950,000 

Carpets 92,000 

Cigars and tobacco 510,000 

Clothing 335,000 

Candies and confectionery 320,000 

Dry Goods 3,107,000 

Drugs 660,000 

Earthenware, etc 357,000 

Extracts, spices, etc 255,000 

Flour 19,500,000 

Fuel 1,000,000 




(138) 



Real Estate. 


6J 

$380,000 




17,000 




204,000 




20.000 




25,750,000 




8 200,000 




36,000 




2,058,500 




, 484,000 


Hides pelts etc 


393,000 




266,000 




55,000 




2,900,000 




.... 4,900,000 




2,160,000 




875,000 




115,i500 




490,000 


Paper 


645,000 


Picture Frames, show cases, etc 


165,000 

3,510,000 




140,000 




1,300.000 




Sg.lKK) 




470 000 


Stationery 


66,000 




110.000 




56,000 




110,000 




22,000 




290.000 




420,000 




1,400,000 


Total for 1882 


$97,376,000 

83.501,984 


Increase for the year 


$13,874,016 



REAL ESTATE. 




jxl^HE unprecedented activity iu the realty-market, which has 
especially characterized the last two years of the city's history, 
has been a subject for no little wonder to many. 
The large number of transfers made, and the constantly rising prices of 
jjroperty, have excited a natural question of its legitimate character ; but, 
after making due allowance for any speculative element in the case, there 
is still a wonderful margin of growth, which can only be accounted for 
upon the ground of the rapid influx of people and cajjital and the increased 
call for residences, business offices and stores. 

Placed side by side with the development of manufacturing and trade 
interests, it will be seen that real estate has, for the most part, only kept 



Hand-Book of MinneapoUs. 



pace with these, and that the number and consideration of the transfers- 
effected are but the natural response to an importunate demand for pro- 
perty, especially in suburban portions of the city. 

A comparison of the transactions of former years, with those of 1882,^ 
shows a remarkable rate of increase. 





YEAR. 


Deeds. 


Consideration, 


1880 


3,096 
4,366 

7,194 


.$ 4,548,364 


1881 


7,393,428 


1882 


18,701,256 






Increase in 1882 over 1881 


2,828 


fll,307,82& 







BUILDING IN MINNEAPOLIS. 



VpTRO^'HE best possible guarantee of the legitimacy of the real estate 
U rv l>R hnsinfiss i'ti tlift oitv. is the correanondinsrlv active demand for 



^ business in the city, is the correspondingly active demand for 

■ and the erection of residence and business buildings. 

That this demand has been, and still is largely in excess of the supply 
is proved by the long continued difficulty iu obtaining shelter for either 
goods or families. 

Buildings of every description are habitually leased prior to their com- 
pletion, and the scarcity is still apparent. 

The extension of the city by new buildings is fairly uniform in every 
direction and the actual limits of the city already cover a very large area. 

Many large business edifices have recently been comioleted and many 
more are now in process of construction. The Syndicate block and the 
Grand Opera House have been finished at a cost of half a million dollars;, 
the Chamber of Commerce building is being erected and will cost, with 
ground, $225,000; the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway is extending its 
car shops and works; a new postoffice is to be built by the government; 
the foundations of a magnificent Union depot, to be built below the 
suspension bridge, are being excavated; the West Hotel is rapidly pro- 
gressing, and will cost, furnished, not far from $1,250,000. This superb 
hostelry will contain 400 rooms, will be entirely fire-proof throughout, and 
in elegance, convenience and completeness will be unsurpassed on the 
continent. 



if]"' 



L Li_^ ^'1 




72 Hand-Bool,- of Miu:i.enpoUi<. 

The comparative estimate which follows has b3eu carefully compiled 
from accurate reports. 

NEW BUILDINGS 

New structures erected in 1881 2,240 

" dwellings •' 1882 2,208 

" business structures erected in 1882 310 

" mills and factories ■' '• 41 

" warehouses and miscellaneous buildings in 1882 72 

2,631 

Estimated new structures in 1883 3,500 

Cost of new buildings in 1882 $9,130,125 

" '• 1883 (es^timated) 11,000,000 



BANKING BUSINESS. 



''•IGHT public banking institutions aucl three private bankers, are 
^j at present doing business in Minneapolis. 
5^^v9 They have an aggregate capital of $3,500,000, and their 
operations in 1882 reached an approximate total of $150,000,000. 

Since the first bank in Minneapolis was organized (A, D. 1855), twenty- 
four institutions have come into existence, but of these, thirteen have 
either been merged in other institutions or retired from business. The 
present number are instances of "the survival of the fittest," and rest 
upon a solid basis of capital and safe bnsiuess. 



Cli/nnler of Commerce and Board of Trade. 



73 




TEE NEW CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDINli 



THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND THE BOARD 
OF TRADE. 



^11 HE Chamber of Commerce came into existence in October, 1881, 
^^y and held its first meeting in November of that year. Its growth 
* since that time is illustrative of the progress of the city. 
Its original incorporators numbered 26, whilst its membership at the 
close of the first fiscal year was 536, and has since increased. 

A fine building is now in process of construction, at Third street and 



74 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

Fourth avenue south, to be occupied by the Chamber upon its completion. 
Its cost is estimated, with the realty, at $225,000. 

The purposes of the corporation are: "To facilitate the buying and 
selling of all products, to inculcate principles of justice and equity in 
trade, to facilitate speedy adjustments of business disputes, to acquire and 
disseminate valuable commercial information, and, generally, to secure to 
its members the benefits of co-operation in the furtherance of their legiti- 
mate business pursuits, and to advance the general prosperity and business 
interests of the city of Minneapolis." 

The Board of Trade, whose membership is largely identical with that 
of the Chamber of Commerce, is not a commercial body in the usual sense. 
Its sole purpose is to promote the material jDrosperity of Minneapolis by 
proposing and encouraging public measures calculated to add to the 
growth of the city, enlarge the field of its trade and enhance its general 
welfare. To this organization is due much of that harmony and vigor of 
action which characterize the business community of Minneapolis when 
any question of public improvement or local advantage is under considera- 
tion. Its membershijj numbers about two hundred. 



RAILWAY SYSTEMS CENTERING IN MINNEAPOLIS. 



^^•ir HE first indication of a city's permanent growth is its inclusion 
^^N among the number of places with which one or more important 
^ railway lines communicate; and the final recognition of its 
established greatness is the concentration of railway systems towards it as 
a terminal point, and a traffic producing center. In the jaresent case, both 
these indications have been fulfilled. In earlier pages the extension of 
railroads within the State of Minnesota has already been enlarged upon, 
and the reader is therefore familiar with the present status of the com- 
panies whose iron roads traverse the country surrounding the city of 
Minneapolis. A glance at the State map will show the position which 
Minneapolis occupies as the heart from which these great arteries of com- 
merce diverge, and towards which their returning currents of trade tend. 
These diverging and constantly extending lines are the radii of the agri- 
cultural and commercial area which the city commands. Along these 



Uailway Systems Centering in Minneapolis. 75 

courses of travel come in the raw supplies which feed her manufactories, 
and go out the finished products of her trade and industry. 

By virtue of her natural position, and by means of these great avenues, 
she has lanchangeably become the depot for the collection of the agricul- 
tural resources of a practically unlimited area, or the medium through 
which they pass; as well as the main ultimate point of distribution for the 
commodities which its rapidly increasing population demands. A hint is 
furnished by the fact, that one point of a compass being placed at Minne- 
apolis and the other at New Orleans, and the latter being swung around 
to the west and northwest, it will describe a line which does not reach the 
outer circle of fertile, growing country, lying beyond Minneapolis, which, 
by reason of her geographical situation and extensive railway system, she 
must naturally and permanently control. Nineteen distinct railways thus 
concentrate their trains and tralfic at Minneapolis, either over their own 
independent roadways or, by arrangement, over other stem lines entering 
the city. Sixteen of these reach Minneapolis with their own rails. The 
list is as follows: 

ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA: Main Line, St, Paul 
Short Line, St. Cloud & Fargo Line, Breckenridge Line, Lake Minne- 
tonka Line. 1,314 miles. 

CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL: Main Line, Fort Snelling 
Line, St. Paul Short Line, Iowa & Minnesota Division, Hastings & Dakota 
Division. 4,383 miles. 

MINNEAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY : Main Line, Minnetonka 
Line, Stillwater Line. 424 miles. 

CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC. Over M. & St. L. R. E. 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & OMAHA. 1,257 miles. 

CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN. Over Omaha Line. 3,489 miles. 

NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILRORD : Main Line. 2,100 miles. 

MINNEAPOLIS, LYNDALE & MINNETONKA RAILROAD. 22 miles. 

These are operated by eight separate corporations. They send out from 
the city over one hundred passenger trains daily, and here originate more 
than 230,000 car loads of freight traffic yearly. Their recent rate of 
extension has been more rapid than that of railways traversing any other 
section of the country, and one of them has a greater mileage than any 
company in the United States. 

So closely are these corporations allied to the commercial and manufac- 
turing interests of the city, that it is worth while to speak briefly of each. 



76 



Hund-Book of Minneapolis. 



THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE AND ST. PAUL COMPANY.— 

Although the name of Miaueapolis is not incorporated iu that of the 
comijany in question, this city is its terminal point upon five divisions 
or lines. These are known as the Main Line, St. Paul Short Line, Fort 
Snelling Line, Iowa and Minnesota Division, and Hastings and Dakota 
Division. 




THE UNION DEPOr. (iN PEOJE3S OF EKECTION.) 

Its connections with the city have bseu farther strengthened by the 
erection here during the last season of large ear-shops, at a cost of $500,000, 
which CO i^i'itute the main plant for the company's repairing and manu- 
facturing we^t ()" tb3 Mississippi; an 1 wherein not less than 2,000 men will 
be employed. 

Its policy is one of extension, as raj^idly as genuine western enterprise, 
combined v.ith safe and conservative management, warrants. 



Railway Systems Oentering in Minneajjolis. IT 

THE ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA EAILWAY COM- 
PANY.— Three of the four main lines of this company's road terminate in 
Minneapolis. New freight houses, suitable for the accommodation of its 
fast growing business, are to be immediately erected here; its short double- 
track line to Lake Minnetonka is completed; and its main lines are being 
rapidly extended. 

A large addition to its total of mileage has been made during the last 
year. It opens up to the city a vast region, including the Bed River Val- 
ley, of richly productive country. 

Under the auspices of this company, the associated railroads are con- 
structing a fine stone-arch viaduct across the Mississippi at the Falls of 
St. Anthony, and laying the foundations of a Union Passenger Depot 
at the foot of the suspension bridge, both of which will add alike 
to the railway interests and to the architectural beauty of the city. 
Not less than $2,000,000 will be expended upon these colossal improve- 
ments. 

THE MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. LOUIS RAILWAY COMPANY— 
The road owned by this company is operated in conjunction with the 
Chicago and Rock Island railway as a through line to Chicago. Its ter- 
minus, as well as its general offices and car-shops are in this city. 

It has undergone some recent extension in the direction of a point 
opposite Redwood Falls, on the Minnesota river, and thereby renders a 
new section of country tributary to Minneapolis. In addition, the line bas 
instituted some general improvement in the character of its accomodations. 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS AND OMAHA RAILWAY, 

— The recent change of ownership which has transferred the control of 
this road to the hands of the Chicago and Nokthwestern Railway has 
brought the latter into more intimate and mutually beneficial connection 
with Minneapolis. 

It is to be fairly expected that the added impetus given to both roads 
by their practical identification will be fruitful of better management, 
greater enterpise, and improved accomodations for the traveling public, and 
means the placing of Minneapolis upon an equal standing with other 
points in its relations with this important railway system. 

, THE ST. PAUL AND DULUTH RAILWAY COMPANY.— The 

connection of this system with Minneapolis is very close, although 
its terminus is not in this city. 

With an addition of only thirteen miles of track during the past year, 
it has experienced an increase of sixty per cent, in its freight shipments. 
and of sixty-five per cent, in its passenger travel. 



78 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

Improvements of the road and its accomodations projected during the 
last season are reported at a cost of S600,000. 

THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY.— The com- 
pletion of this gigantic enterprise, now practically accomplished, marks 
a notable epoch in the railway history of the world, and not less in 
the annals of this country's material development and progress. 
This latest and greatest of the transcontinental lines has its western 
termini at Portland, Oregon, where it is met by the tidewater navigation 
of the Columbia river, ancj at New Tacoma, on Puget Sound, Washington 
territory, where it reaches the water of the Pacific ocean proper. 

On the east, one arm touches the head of Lake Superior, and thence 
follows the south shore eastward to the Michigan boundary, while the 
other and principal arm has its terminus in Minneapolis, with running 
arrangements which carry its trains on to St. Paul. 

The construction of this highway opens and renders] accessible to 
Minneapolis a fertile tributary country extending 1,200 miles north and 
west. Minneapolis, as the first great city reached by the Northern Pacific 
Railroad in its progress from the Pacific ocean, naturally and necessarily 
receives the chief impetus resulting from this great work, and enjoys a 
larger advantage than any other city from the trade this thoroughfare is 
developing. 

The Northern Pacific Company is now constructing this main south- 
eastern arm down the east bank of the Mississip23i river to Minneapolis, 
the crossing to be made to the west bank over a substantial double-track 
iron bridge, now building, within the city limits, near Twenty-sixth 
Avenue Nortli. The company has recently purchased nearly one hundred 
and fifty acres of ground, for terminal purposes, within the city, and will 
expend several million dollars here, in such buildings and improvements 
as will be adequate to handle its immense traffic at this point. 

The fact that Minneapolis now is, and will permanently continue to be, 
the market for the bulk of the grain crop produced in the fertile belt 
traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad, and the chief distributing and 
shipjjiug point for those manufactured commodities which are naturally 
sent in return to the people of the grain-producing region, renders the 
relations of this city to the road in question particularly intimate and 
important. 

THE MINNEAPOLIS, LYNDALE & MINNETONKA RAILWAY. 
— Seeing that the main stations of this road are either within the limits 
of the city or are dependent upon it for their importance, the line may be 
regarded fairly, and without detriment to itself or detraction from its use- 
fulness, as a suburban railway. 



Railway Systems Centering in Minneapolis. 79 

The road has been in operation four years, extending first to Lake 
Calhoun, later to Lake Harriet, and subsequently to Lake Minnetonka. 
Its further terminus is at Excelsior, a small town on the borders of the 
last mentioned lake. 

It has exercised a very important influence in the encouragement of 
building in the outlying portions of the city, adjacent to its track, placing 
a means of transit within the reach of residents who are distant from their 
places of business, without which such settlement would have been greatly 
retarded. 



When the early history of railroads as related to Minneapolis is con- 
sidered, when it is remembered that prior to 1862 no railway existed in 
the State, that for two years subsequent to that date only ten miles of line 
were in operation between, St. Anthony and St. Paul, and that it was not 
until 1867 that a track first entered the Minneapolis proper of that period, 
■ — this record of the present general determination of railway systems 
toward the city, becomes one of most remarkable import. 

It signifies, — in common with the preceding facts of population, extend- 
ing area, trade, and manufacture, — that not only has a great city developed 
from the nucleus of the water-fall, but that Fate with " the forefinger of all 
time " points to her as the present and permanent metrojjolis of " the new 
Northwest." 



THE 



PRINCIPAL FEATURES 



City of Minneapolis. 




HE preceding chapters have been devoted to a review, in brief, 
of those great interests, which are always of vital importance 
W^^ in the upbuilding of a city, and v/hose growth has marked the 
onward progress of Minneapolis to her present secure position. In the 
pages which follow, we shall, in like manner, sketch the principal features 
of the present city, with esjDccial reference to the economic improvements she 
has projected, and to the intellectual and social refinement she has attained. 

Wealth may be the measure of a city's commercial importance, but it 
does not fairly guage the well-being of her jjeople. 

Their real welfare is conditioned upon the safe-guards which she throws 
around their moral and physical health, and upon the perfection of those 
institutions which foster the cultivation of mental, moral, physical, and 
social integrity. 

That Minneapolis, despite of her rapid and recent growth, is exception- 
ally well endowed in these respects, needs no other demonstration than is- 
afforded by the following brief description of her public works, protective 
agencies, educational interests, and literary, scientific, musical, charitable 
and church societies. 

6 81 



82 Hand-Bvok of Minnedpolis. 



MINNEAPOLIS STREET SYSTEM. 



N laying out the streets and avenues of Minueai^olis engineering 
skill has had to contend, in some measure, with the inequalities of 
nature. 

The river which contributes largely to its natural beauty, at the same 
time mars the symmetry of the city. Its deviating course makes it 
practically impossible to adhere strictly to the syscem of rectangular 
lines which is acknowledged to be the model of convenience in the 
arrangement of a town. On each side of the river, for a space about a 
mile in width, from the upper bridge to the line of the State University^ 
the streets are laid out in a direction diagonal to the points of the 
compass; but with the exception of this area, the plan of the city is 
uniform, most of the avenues running north and south, and the streets 
east and west. The streets are named numerically, with few exceptions, 
and are numbered on the plan of a hundred numbers to each block. The 
accompanying map will serve as an illustration of this general arrange- 
ment and as a miniature guide to the city. Extensive plans are being 
made or are now in process of execution for the improvement of the 
street- system in general. 

Several roadways are being graded to the jjroper level, and 20,000 yards 
of paving has been or will be laid during the current year, partly in granite 
and partly in cedar blocks. 

The streets are lighted by gas, and in the centre of the city, by means 
of an immense iron mast, 257 feet in height, bearing upon it eight electric 
lights, with an aggregate of 32,000 candle-posver. 

This light-mast illuminates a wide area surrounding it. It is similar to 
those used in the city of Cleveland, and is supplied with power fiom a 
single dynamo machine by the Minnesota Brush Electric Company. 

The Minneapolis Street Eailway Company has already a large system 
of lines and is constantly extending its tracks in every direction as the 
needs of newly settled districls require. About twenty miles of new 
trackage have been laid during the past year, at an expense, including 
minor improvements^ of $225,000. 

A table of the various lines and their terminal points will be appended 
to this volume. 





fl 



■''*'':^Mi 




84 Haml-Book of MiaaedpoUs. 



BRIDGES 




^C^HE growth of business, and the consequently more intimate 
relations established between the east and the west sides of the 
river, together with the rapid extension of the city, have 
necessitated the construction of several bridges, not only over the 
Mississippi, but also over some of the main thoroughfares where they are 
intersected by railroads. 

The great suspension bridge crossing the river from Bridge Square on 
the West Side to Nicollet Island, has few equals either for strength or 
beauty. It was built in 1876 at a cost of $221,024.50. 

The length of the bridge-way is 630 feet, and the towers are eighty feet 
in height. 

The total strength of the cables, the largest of which are nine inches in 
diameter, is 10,995,072 pounds, while the total breaking strain of the 
bridge is estimated at 4,980,000 pounds. 

The upper and lower bridges were built in 1874. The new Plymouth 
Avenue bridge was erected in 1882, and also one on Lyndale Avenue 
over Bassett's creek; the two requiring an expenditure of $72,000. 

The railroad bridges crossing the Mississippi are that of the St. Paul, 
Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway at Nicollet Island, the INIiiwaukee " Short 
Line" bridge below Meeker Island, and the magnificent stone-arch viaduct 
now being thrown diagonally across the river at the Falls of St. Anthony, by 
the St. Paul. Minneapolis & Manitoba Company for the joint use of all 
roads centering here. This structure has a length of 2,300 feet, consisting 
of sixteen spans of eighty feet each, four spans of one hundred feet each 
and three spans of forty feet each. Its surface has a width of twenty-eight 
feet, intended to accommodate two parallel railway tracks, at a height of 
sixty-five feet above the water level. The piers are of granite and their foun- 
dations are in the native rock twenty feet below the surface. The remain- 
der of the work is of magnesian limestone from quarries at Kasota, Min- 
nesota, and the blue limestone which is taken from the local quarries in 
Minneapolis. This bridge is the longest of its kind in the United States, 
and will cost not far from .$1,300,000. 

In addition to these, the Northern Pacific Railway Company, as mentioned 
on an earlier page, has commenced work on a double-track iron railroad 



City Sewer System. 85 

bridge at Twenty- 'ourth Avenue north, by means of which their tracks 
will cross to the west side of the river. 

During the year, the St. Paul, Minneapolis A: Manitoba Railroau, has 
built or completed a bridge over its tracks at Holden Street, Western Ave- 
nue, Universty Avenue, Fourth Street southeast, and Fourteenth Avenue 
southeast. 

Their maintenance has now been assumed by the city government. 

The exact location of all of these structures, with the exception of the 
projected Northern Pacific Railway bridge may be determined by refer- 
ence to the map of Minneapolis, facing jjage 81. 



CITY SEWER SYSTEM. 



• T is inevitable that a city which has had a growth so unusually rapid 
as that of Minneapolis should suffer from the temporary inade- 
quacy of certain general improvements and, especially, of its 
sewer- system. 

To secure an efficient system of city-sewerage, requires an outlay of 
time and money which preclude the possibility of keeping pace in its con- 
struction with the rapid extension of residence area. 

Minneapolis has suffered from this inadequacy for some time past, but 
is now putting forth active remedial efforts in her own behalf. 

Much work has been done within the past year, and much more is now 
in hand, to provide the city with suitable water-mains, wells and tunnels. 

Six or seven additional miles of sewerage will be completed before the 
winter sets in, and not many seasons will elapse before all the thickly- 
peopled portion of the city will have received the full benefit of these 
improvements. 

R:^-inforced by a sufficient water-supply, they must soon be fruitful of 
markedly beneficial results upon the already satisfactory health-statistics of 
the citv. 



Hdud-Book of MinncipoUs. 



CITY WATEK SUPPLY 



p^^INNEAPOLIS is furnished with water from the Mississippi 
river by means of four pumps worked by three Turbine water- 

<3C_^ wheels; the water being pumped directly through the mains to 
the houses of the consumers, on the Holly system. 

The water- works ai-e situated at the Falls, on the west bank of the river, 
and distribute water from thence, on both sides of the river, throiigh twenty- 
four and three-fourths miles of main. 

An immease supply of water is drawn from them daily, falling, in the 
summer season, little short of the full capacity of the pumps, which is 
estimated at thirteen million gallons. 

The number of consumers during the year 1882, was 2,755; and 313 
hydrants for fire purposes, 175 stop-gates, and 11 cisterns were in use. 

Despite the recent addition of large pumping capacity, with two 500 
horse-power wheels, the supply, under the test of any grave emergency is 
still inadequate. 

Vigorous measures are needed, and are now being adopted, to insure an 
increase of power commensurate with the rapid extension of the city's 
limits and equal to any strain that may be put upon it in event of fire.. 
The present daily pumping capacity will be increased by ten million 
gallons before November of the present year, and another ten million 
gallons early in 1884, making an aggregate of thirty-three million gallons. 

Not only the quantity, but also the qunUti/ of the water supjilied by the 
city has been a subject of debate, for which there is, at present, but slender 
cause. 

Whilst the increase of the city's sewerage, pouring into the river, must 
prove, at no distant day, an actual source of pollution to the water, and 
and suggests the i^ropriety of a further removal of the Works to a jjlace 
of more assured safety than they, at present, occupy, — there is, as yet, no 
real grouud for alarm. 

Properly filtered, as all water should be which is intended for drinking- 
purposes, it is as pure as nine-tenths of the water of our lakes and rivers. 




(87) 



88 Hidid-Book of Minneapolis. 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 




'HE excellence of architecture which characterizes many of the 
l^rivate blocks of the city cannot be said to have transferred 
itself, as yet, to the Public Buildings of Minneapolis. 

THE CITY HALL stands facing Bridge Square at the point of con- 
vergence of Hennepin and Nicollet Avenues. It is a plain, massive struc- 
ture, formed of Minneapolis lime-stone, four and five stories in height, with 
a tower and high mansard roof. It contains the offices or headquarters of 
the Mayor, the Chief of Police, the City Treasurer, the Comptroller, Clerk, 
Engineer, Physician, Park Commissioners and the Superintendents of the 
Water Works and of the Poor. The portions of the building not used by 
the city are mainly occupied by the Daily Minnesota Tribune, while the 
Western Union Telegraph Company, the Board of Trade and the North- 
western Telephone Exchange find quarters beneath its roof. 

THE COURT HOUSE is situated on the corner of Eighth Avenue, South, 
and Third Street. It has long proved inadequate tu the purpose for 
which it is used, and is now undergoing considerable enlargement. It 
holds all the county offices and law courts. 

THE POST OFFICE at present occupies the corner portion of the great 
Boston Block, on the corner of Hennepin Avenue and Third St., com- 
pleted about a year ago. This building is, in itself, a fine piece of archi- 
tecture, but it is the result of private enterprise, and the Government holds 
only a limited tenure of its present quarters. 

A few months siiice, a Commission, appointed by the Government, 
visited Minueipolis for the purpose of selecting a site for a permanent 
Post-office building. The ground selected lies at the corner of First 
Avenue, South, and Third Street, and plans have been drafted for the new 
structure, which will be commenced this year, an appropriation of $175,- 
000 having made been for the purpose. A cut of the proposed building is 
given elsewhere. 



Par/iS and Public Grointds. 



PARKS AND PUBLIC GROUNDS. 




iT the last session of the Legislature, (1883), an act was passed 
appointing a Board of fifteen Park Commissioners for the city 
of Minneapolis, and the question of the purchase and improve- 
ment of park grounds being submitted to the vote of the people at the last 
election, a large majority declared in favor of the measure. 

The city has, accordingly, authorized the issue of .$550,000 of bonds for 
the purchase of proj^erty to be devoted to park j^urjjoses, and has also 
j)rovided for a tax of one mill on each dollar of valuation of taxable pro- 
perty, the proceeds of which, aggregating, at jDresent estimates, S50,000 
per annum, are to be employed in the improvement of the same. 

A si^ecial tax is to be levied ujaon the owners of real estate abutting 
upon park improvements, which will amount to not less than fifty per 
cent, of the total cost of the park jjroperty, and is to be applied to the 
park improvement fund. 

Since its apjjointment, the board of commissioners has been actively 
engaged in the selection and purchase of several tracts of laud, and in 
devising plans for an extensive system of parks and boulevards. The 
work that Has been already done may be very briefly sketched, but it is 
the earnest of possessions in the near future of which the citizens of 
Minneapolis may well be proud. 

The title has been acquired to a tract of thirty acres, lying between 
Hennepin Avenue and Yale Place, and between Oak Grove Street and 
Harmon Place, and including Johnson's Lake. This is to be known* as 
■Centred Park. 

In the northern division of the city, west of the river, about thirty acres 
have been substantially acquired, situated between Twenty-sixth and 
Twenty-ninth Avenues, North, and bounded on the Avest by Lyndale 
Avenue, and by Fifth street on the east. The park, as yet unnamed, will 
lie upon high wooded ground, overlooking the whole city. 

On the ea&t side of the river, twelve acres, bounded by Broadway on 
the south, Thirteenth Avenue, N. E., on the north, Jefferson Street on the 
west, and Monroe Street on the east, have been chosen for an East Miune- 
ajjoiis Park. 



90 ffit)i(l-Book of Minneapolis. 

On the west bank of the river, twenty acres have been selected, adjoin- 
ing the grounds of the Sisters' Hospital, on the south, and lying in the 
sixth ward. These are to be converted into a South Park. 

In addition to these parks, situated in each natural division of the city, 
a magnificent system of boulevards will entirely surround Lake Calhoun 
and Lake Harriet ; another grand boulevard will extend along the whole 
east bank of the river, from the State University grounds to the Ramsey- 
County line; and a third will skirt the west bank of the river from the 
point where it is intersected by Washington Avenue, and will run thence 
through the South Park to Riverside Avenue. 

Further to complete the cham of boulevards, it is proposed, but not yet 
finally determined, (1) to convert Lyndale Avenue into a jaark-way,. 
extending from the North Park, and connecting by a short boulevard with 
the Lake Harriet system; (2) to lay out a system of boulevards on the 
east side, by which the river-chain will be linked to the East Park; and 
(3) to make a boulevard, in direct connection with that encircling the 
lakes, extending five miles down Lake Street to the river bank. 

At the point where this road touches the river, the latter is enclosed by 
high blulfs, an island stands in the center of the stream, and on the 
opposite side is the terminal extremity of Marshall Street, running thence 
from St. Paul. Should the authorities of the latter city convert Marshall 
Street into a boulevard, a bridge can be thrown across from the island to 
either bank, (this being the most favorable point for it between Fort 
Snelling and the Falls of St. Anthony,) and a direct park-way be thus 
opened between Lake Calhoun in Minneapolis and the center of the City 
of St. Paul. 

Irrespective of this possibility, however, the complete system of Minne- 
apolis Parks and Boulevards — the former covering nearly a hundred acres 
and the latter about thirty miles in length —when perfectly laid out, will 
be incomparably the finest in America, and i^ossibly without a rival in the 
world. 

No larger or more varied combination of the elements of natural beauty 
can anywhere be found in the near neighborhood of a great city than are- 
here grouped together. Nature has bestowed with lavish hand upon the 
environments of Minneapolis all her most picturesque forms of scenery^ 
with the sole exception of great mountains. Rocks and streams, the cataract 
and the river, hills, and lakes, and woods, and a rich minor vegetation 
lend their attractions to her surroundings, and are destined to aid in 
forming the pleasure-grounds of her people. 

Upon the city map, appended to this volume, are traced in outline these 
acquired and projected improvements. 



Fire Department. 91 



MINNEAPOLIS FIRE DEPARTMENT. 




5-0^ HE latest report of the Chief of Department, F. L. Stetson, shows- 
the command of a manual force of thirty-two permanent hands, 
and forty-three call-men. The latter are not required to remain 
on duty during the day, but help to make up the full night force between 
the hours of 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. 

The Department has in use four steam fiie engines, five two- horse hose 
carriages, one single-horse hose cart, two hook and ladder trucks, one two- 
horse chemical engine, and one supply wagon. In addition to these, one 
two-horse hose carriage, and three hand hose carts are employed as reserve 
reels. Thirty miles of fire alarm telegraph and fifty-three alarm boxes 
are in operation. 

One hundred and four alarms have been turned in between March 1st 
and August 1st, 1883. 

The total losses by fire for the year 1882, were estimated at $330,000, 
about four-fifths of which was covered by insurance. 

The Department service is well organized, but its work is temporarily 
embarrassed by the deficiency of the City water supply. Theoretically, the 
pressure from the pumps is ample to throw a score of streams over the high- 
est structures in the city ; practically, the insufficient distribution of large 
mains renders this impossible in many localities. 



POLICE SERVICE. 



|nOR purposes of police patrol the City is divided into three districts,- 
\Cj each having its police station and detachment of men. The 
headquarters of the Department are at the City Hall. The force 
consists of eighty -two men, including officers and detectives. Eight 
policemen are mounted, and patrol the outlying portions of the City,, 
including the environs of Lakes Calhoun and Harriet and the Falls of 
Minnehaha. 



■92 Hand-Book of MiiinenpoUs. 

A patrol wagon is provided, which will respond to calls by messenger 
or telephone at any hour. The Department also answers to the fire-alarm 
telegraph. 

Considering the large area of the City and the limited number of men 
employed, the force does efficient service, but the beats assigned to the 
several patrolmen are too long, and, in view of the increasing density 
of the population, the City will be soon compelled to take action looking 
to a considerable enlargement of the force. 



SANITARY SYSTEM. 



C5|^HE deleterious influences which usually accompany the upbuild- 
^1 I iug and rapid peopKng of a great City, and prejudice the 
^i physical well-being of its inhabitants, have, as yet, done little 
in Minneapolis to mar the natural healthfulness of the Minnesota climate. 
Nature has bestowed upon the place, in common with the greater portion 
of the State, a fine, dry, bracing atmosphere, Avhich has acquired a 
wide reputation as a panacea for many diseases of the throat and chest. 

Consumptives, in particular, attracted by the climate, come to the City 
in large numbers, — many to make good recoveries, and many others, 
resorting to the change at too late a stage of the disease to receive benefit 
therefrom, come only to die, and by their death help to swell the aggre- 
gate of mortality. Not less than six per cent, of the entire City death- 
rate is made up of this class. 

Impure water, largely obtained from surface wells, and imperfect sewer- 
age, have been instrumental in the production of an occasional epidemic, 
notably that of typhoid fever in 1881 and 1882, to which two-fifths of 
the annual number of deaths from this cause, reported below, must be 
referred. With the rapid extension of an improved system of sewers, the 
abandonment of surface wells, and the higher grade of intelHgence con- 
cerning health-conditions, which is beginning to pervade this and other 
large communities, the probability of Ihe outbreak of fresh epidemics of 
any character will be constantly lessened. 

In a climate so nearly j^erfect as that of Minnesota, the assumption by 
any ordinary disease of an epidemic form, is distinctly chargeable upon 
the local government in tlie neglect of scavengering, sewerage or water- 
supply, or upon the uncleanly habits of large classes of people. 



Hospitals of the City. 93 

The improved condition of Minneapolis in these respects may be esti- 
mated from the fact that during the closing seven months of the year, 
covered by the health officer's last rejoort, the death-rate per 1,000 per 
annum has declined from 29.40 to 12.42. 

The average death-rate for the twelve months, ending March 1883, was 
18.8 per 1,000, upon the health officer's estimate of a population of 
80,000. More recent and more correct information places the population 
at over 94,000, which would reduce the death-rate to about 16.5. 

Accepting the official estimate, the rate compares very favorably with 
that of other large cities of the continent. 

The total of deaths for the year mentioned was 1,510. Of these 990 
were of native, and 520 of foreign birth. 

The following table is instructive as to the part which the several diseases 

play in making uj? this total number: 

Deaths from Typhoid fever ,. 164 

" ■' Consumption J35 

" Diphtheria 117 

" " Pneumonia 109' 

" Accident 51 

" •• Scarlet fever 21 

" ■■ Measles 18 

" •• Other diseases 89.5 

1510 



HOSPITALS OF THE CITY 




O provision has yet been made for the public maintenance of a 
hospital by the City or County government, with the exception 
of the house provided for the seclusion and care of sufferers from 
small-pox. 

Considering this fact, the accommodations for the sick, supported by 
private enterprise and voluntary contributions, are ordinarily good. 
Although they cannot, in all resijects, fill the place of a well organized 
public institution, they are instrumental in supplying the most pressing 
needs of the very large community to which they minister in a fairly satis- 
factory and successful manner. 

The hospitals are five in number. The largest among them, at the 
present time, is the corporation known as 

THE MINNESOTA COLLEGE HOSPITAL. It is situated on the East 
side of the river, occupying a fairly commodious building, with a capacity 
of three hundred beds. It is in charge of an able corps of physicians, and 
nurses under the general direction of a board of trustees. 




(Si) 



■Benevolent Instilutions. 95 

THE HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL has beeu recently organized, and 
is now in working order. It has temi3orary qiiarters at the corner of 
Ninth Street and Eighth Avenue South, and can accommodate some fifty 
patients. Attached to it is a department called the Hahnemann Ward, 
supported by ladies of the City, and in charge of female physicians. This 
ward contains, at present, ten beds. The main hospital is under the care 
of competent homceopathic physicians. Those interested have j^urchased 
a building lot, upon which they purjjose to erect, in due time, a jjerma- 
nent hosj^ital. 

THE SISTERS' HOSPITAL, situate at 2416 Sixth Street, South, is 
under the managementlof the Sisters of Mercy, who appoint the attending 
medical staflT. 

It can provide room for seventy-five patients. 

THE ST. BARNABAS, OR COTTAGE HOSPITAL, on the corner of 
Sixth Street and Ninth Avenue, South, has facilities for the care of fifty 
patients. 

It is under the management of the Brotherhood of Gethsemane. 

THE NORTHWESTERN HOSPITAL, at present stands on Fourth 
Avenue, South, near Twenty-fourth Street, but will shortly reniove to a 
building on Washington Avenue, North. 

It has about fifteen beds for the use of the sick. 

Each of these hospitals receives patients from the City, under orders 
from the Superintendent of the Poor. During the last year 377 persons 
were thus cared for and treated by the City Physician. 



BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 



HJI T may be said of the societies organized in Minneapolis for benevo- 
^1 lent purposes that their "name is legion," and their work of the 
^ most varied character. 

Although exhibiting greater or less degrees of excellence, they have, 
as a whole, contributed very largely to the well-being of the com- 
munity, and especially to the improvement of the social condition of the 
laboring and distressed classes. 

As a branch of the City Government, and a well-organized and valuable 
means of charity, the Department for the Poor, under care of the Sui^erin- 
tendent, Mr. Nelson Williams, is deserving of special mention. 



96 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

During the year, ending February, 1883, 3,905 applications for relief 
were answered, and 1,845 visits niade by the Superintendent. Measures 
for relief were instituted in all deserving cases, at a cost of $18,140.58. 

The following is a directory, in brief, of the princi23al benevolent organi- 
zations in the City, whose different branches of work it is impossible to 
review, in even the briefest manner, with justice to their ends and aims: 

Young Men's Christian Association. — H. E. Fletcher, President; 519 
and 521 Nicollet Avenue, and branch at Market Hall. 

Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and its auxiliary society,, 
TJie Young Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 251 Nicollet Avenue. 

Sisterhood of Bethany. — Mrs. VanCleve, President. 

Catholic Orphan Asylum. — Superintendent, Mother Mary James; 3rd 
Street, corner 6th Avenue, North. 

Children's Home. — Matron, Miss Ellen I. V. Stewart; 22ud Avenue 
South, corner 6th Street. 

Humane Society. — President, George A. Braekett. 

Woman's Home.— President, Mrs. A. T. Hale; 409 Soutli 6th St. 

Hebrew Belief Association. - Secretary, Max Segelbaum. 

Minneapolis Free Dispensary. — President, C. A. Pillsbury; 208 South 
2nd Street. 

Minneapolis Irish R--;lief Assooiation. — President, Anthony Kelly. 

Immaculate Concepiion, No. 349, I. C. B. U., 3rd Street, corner 3rd 
Avenue, North. 

Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, — President, Mrs. R. Rees. 

Fireman's Rsliep Association.— ^President, F. L. Stetson. 

Charity Kindergarten. — President, Mrs. E. Morse. 

Brotherhood of Gethsemanb. — 5th Street, corner 7th Avenue, South. 
. Father Matthew's Temperance Society. — Cathohc Association Hall. 



CHURCHES. 




' '^ T is an indication of the rapid growth of the city, as well aa of 
%};^ the success of the Churches in their ordained work, that these 
^'mx^l organizations undergo a marked and regular increase in num- 
bers. The large attendance at the Sunday services, the consequently 
enforced enlargement of many old buildings, or the erection of new, are 
witnesses to the interest and enterprise of the membership of these societies. 



Educatiomil Institutions. 97 

The churches and missions now established in Minneapolis number 76, 
and belong to 16 different denominations, as shown in the following table: 

CHURCHES AND MISSIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS. 
Denomination. No. 

Advent 2 

Baptist 9 

Catholic (Roman; 7 

Congregational 9 

Christian 1 

Disciples 1 

Episcopalian 8 

Evangelical Association 2 

Evangelical Synod 1 

Friends 1 

Hebrew 1 

Lutheran 4 

(German 2 

" (Scandinavian) 3 

Methodist Episcopal li 

Presbyterian 'i 

Sweden borgian 1 

Unitarian . ." 2 

Universalist 1 

Total 7ft 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

Q^(4^C^HE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, situated upon the East 
/-Stn^^ side of Minneapolis, is a strong element in determining the 
d-^^JS^^ present and future greatness of the City, and naturally occupies 
the foremost place in the history of her educational institutions. 

The university was organized under a charter, enacted by the State 
Legislature, February 18th, 1868. 

A grant of public lands was made by Congress for the endowment of 
the University, together with the department Colleges of Mechanics and 
Ag riculture. 

The lands thus granted to the institution have been partially sold, and 
will realize, when their sale is completed, over a million dollars. 

The current expenses of the university are principally defrayed by the 
State. 

A Board of Regents, ten in number, constitutes the governing body. 
This Board consists of, ex-offlciis, the Governor of the State, the State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the President of the University, 
together with seven others, appointed by the Governor, for a term of 
three years. 
7 



98 Hand-Bonk, of Minneapolis. 

The following parsons are the members of the present board: 

Hon. John B. GilfiUan, Minneapolis, Recording-Secretary. 

Hon. Knute Nelson, Alexandria. 

Hon. John S. Pillsbiiry, Minneapolis. 

Hon. Henry H. Sibley, St. Paul, President. 

Hon. Thomas S. Bnckham, Faribaiilt. 

Hon. Greeuleaf Clark, St. Paul. 

Hon. Cushmau K. Davis, St. Paul. 

The Governor of the State, Hon. Lucius F. Hubbard, St. Paul ; The 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. D. L. Kiehle, St. Paul ; 
and The Acting President of the University, William W. Folwell, Corres- 
ponding Secretary, Ex-officiis. 

R. A. Davidson, Esq., President of the Commercial Bank of Minneapolis, 
is the treasurer. 

The general Faculty, appointed by the Board of Regents, to undertake 
the management and instruction of students, consists of the following 
professors, instructors and assistants: 

FACULTY OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

William W. Folwell, Instructor. Political Science. (Acting President.) 

Jabez Brooks, D, D., Professor. Greek, and in charge of Latin. 

Newton H. Winchell, Professor. State Geologist. 

Chas. N. Hewitt, M. D., Non-resident Professor. Public Health and 
Hy5;iene. 

John G. Moore, Professor. German. 

Christopher W. Hall, Professor. Geology, Mineralogy and Biology. 

John C. Hutchinson, Assistant Professor. Greek and Mathematics. 

John S. Clark, Assistant Professor. Latin. 

Matilda J. Wilkin, Instructor. German and English. 

Maria L. Sand ford. Professor. Rhetoric and Elocution. 

William A. Pike, 0. E. Professor. Engineering, and in charge of 
Physics. 

John F. Downey, Professor. Mathematics and Astronomy. 

James A. Dodge, Ph. D., Professor. Chemistry. 
' Charles W. Benton, Professor. French. 

Edward D. Porter, Professor. Agriculture. 

William H. Lieb, Instructor. Vocal Music. 

Wilber F. Decker, B. M. E., Instructor. Physics, Shop Work, and 
Drawing. 

William A. Noyes, Ph. D., Instructor. Chemistry. 



Educational Iiistihitions. 99 

FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE. 

The recent lamented death of Professor Moses, Ph. D., and the resigna- 
tion of Professor A. T. Ormond andE. C. Bower, U. S. A., leave vacancies 
in the chair of English, Mental and Moral Philosophy and History, and 
Miliary Science, which are, as yet, unfilled./ 

The College of Medicine. — Within a few months, a deiDartment 
College of Medicine has been organized. Its faculty is to consist of nine 
professorships, and the following named gentlemen have been chosen to 
fill a part of these: The remaining three positions will soon be filled. 

Dr. Charles N. Hewitt, of Eed Wing, Professor of Preventive Medicine. 

Dr. Franklin Staples, of Winona, Professor of the Practice of Medicine. 

Dr. D. W. Hand, of St. Paul, Professor of Surgery. 

Dr. W. H. Leonard, of Minneapolis, Professor of Obstetrics. 

Dr. S. Millard, of Stillwater, Professor of Anatomy. 

The present purpose of this College is not to give instruction in medi- 
cine and surgery. Its faculty will simply conduct examinations in these 
studies, and is empowered to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
upon candidates who satisfactorily pass its examinations. Under an act 
of the Legislature of 1883, this faculty is constituted the State Examin- 
ing Board, which is required to pass upon the qualifications of every 
practitioner of medicine in the State. 

RECORDS OF ATTENDANCE. 

The total number of students in attendance at the University during 
the year 1882, was 547. Of this number 253, or 178 gentlemen and 72 
ladies, were enrolled in the classes of the general course; 192 persons 
attended the Farmer's Lecture Course given in January and February of 
each year for the purpose of instructing farmers in scientific agriculture; 
52 mechanics studied at the Free Evening Drawing School, under the care 
of the Professor of Engineering and his assistants; 42 persons, princi- 
pally teachers, attended the Summer School; and nine studied, under the 
private care of the Faculty, for the master's degree. 

The Summee School, mentioned above, has been conducted annu- 
ally for the past three years. It is intended for the convenience of teachers 
and others who cannot attend the regular sessions of the University, and 
its course of instruction, given gratuitously, have been, in the main^ 
scientific. Modern languages, pedagogics, and, during the present sum- 
mer, Greek, have also been studied with satisfactory results. 

UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS, OUTFIT, ETC. 
The present plant of the University has long been inadequate to the 



100 Haiul-Book of Minneapolis. 

supply of recognized needs for space, but enlargement has, until now 
been impracticable. 

A portion of an appropriation of $180,000, made by the State Legisla- 
ture in 1881, becomes available during the present year, and as fast as 
it can be obtained, the Board of Regents will proceed to the erection of a 
gymnasium, military building, farm-house, museum, library, observatory, 
a separate building for engineering, chemistry and physics, a chapel, and 
a music-hall. When other plans are executed, the University will have 
room and equipment unequalled in the West. 

The main building has, at present, fifty-four rooms. On its first floor 
is the University Library, the largest and most valuable in the State, 
numbering over 15,000 volumes. A reading room is in connection with 
the library for the accommodation both of the students and of the public. 
On the third floor is the Museum, containing valuable collections of 
zoological, geological, and mineralogical specimens. One central case 
contains some of the minerals, building-stones, ore, clays, etc., of Minne- 
sota. 

The Geological Survey, made under the auspices of the Board of 
Regents, has contributed largely to these collections. 

The Agricultural College Building contains the chemical laboratory, 
plant house, vice, forge, aud woodshops, but is very much crowded in the 
attempted accommodation of these. 

Students do not reside within the buildings. 

A single charge of $5.00 a year is made to defray incidental expenses, 
but all instruction in every department is fkee. 

The University has made great and rapid progress in its development, 
and, will ere long realize its ultimate plan of a system of dej^artment 
colleges under s^aecial management. 

With the continued support of the people, and the maintenance of a 
superior class of instructors, it must soon take its place in the front rank 
of American Colleges, and may hojoe to surpass many of its sister institu- 
tions. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The influences most active in shaping the public as well as the 
private life of a community, are those which emanate from the com- 
mon school, and hence the character and condition of the latter may 
be looked to as important factors in the welfare of the home and of 
society. Their success or failure is a matter of vital interest to every 
citizen as well as to every prosjDective resident; and, in a city of so 
rapid a growth as Minneapolis, the maintenance of a high standard of 
public instruction, and the successful management of a large number of 



||if(fP'l|»dUyt '"N I ' | i iii i iW|y||M|||i y 




(101) 



102 Hand-Book of MiiDieapoUs. 

schools, are tasks beset with something more than ordinary diffic;ilty. It 
is due to the energy and public-spirit of the men who form the City School 
Board, as well as to the efficiency of the corps of principal instructors 
engaged by them, that the schools of Minneapolis can furnish, despite o^ 
the embarrassment of over-crowding, so good a record. The city has 
twenty-two school buildings, with a total of 172 rooms. Four of these 
schools were built during the last year at a cost of $100,000. During the 
school year ending June, 1883, 10,698 pupils were admitted, an increase in 
number of '2,94:8 over the preceding twelve months. The Board employs 
215 teachers, including principals, at the present time. The value of the 
school pioperty is estimated at over .$600,000. Last winter the Board organ- 
ized under the care of the Assistant Superintendent, a system of Evening 
Scliools in three of the princi23al school buildings. At the beginning of 
the year 1883, 934 pupils had been enrolled, with an average of 18 
years of age. These were under the care and instruction of a special corps of 
thirteen teachers, and were taught, mainly, in the elements of English 
studies. Oral lessons were given upon practical topics with excellent 
results. These schools are designed for those of school age, or over, who 
are unable to attend the ordinary day sessions, and yet are anxious to 
acquire the rudiments of a school education. 

The constant influx of people to the city, and, in consequence, of children 
to the Public Schools, has long been a source of embarrassment. Not- 
withstanding the recent additions, more new buildings are imperatively 
demanded, and some provision must be speedily made for them. The 
standard of education will comparfe very favorably with that maintained 
in other large city schools, and the general record of advancement made 
by the pupils is above the average of available comparative reports. With 
a better provision for over- crowded school districts, the grade of scholar- 
ship will probably be still higher, and the public school system of Minne- 
apolis cnay be, at least, unsurpassed. 

PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMI^^\RIES. 

The city is unusually well-furnished with private institutions of learn- 
ing, of which we cannot give more than a very brief mention : — 

The Cuktiss Business College, under the management of C. C. Curtiss, 
at the corner of Nicollet Avenue and Fifth Street, is an institution which 
has enjoyed a large degree of success and exercises a wholesome influence 
over the community. Its classes are filled by young women as well as 
yoimg men, and its total of persons in attendance, is between 400 and 500 
annually. Its aim is to furnish to its pupils a complete business educa- 
tion, and its success is a sufficient witness to its merit. 



Neirsp((pers and Periodicals. 103 

The Minneapolis Academy is a preparatory scliool to the State Uni- 
versity, situated at 1328 Fourth St., S. E., and in charge of Mr. C. Davison. 

Bennet Seminary is an excellent school for young ladies, in charge of 
Misses Kenyon and Abbott. It is situated at the corner of Tenth St, and 
Seventh Avenue south. 

AuGSBUEG Seminary is a Scandinavian school, which offers a high 
standard of training to its students. It stands on the corner of Seventh 
St. and Twenty-First Ave., south. « 

JuDSON Female Seminary, conducted by Miss A. A. Judson, is another 
excellente stablishment for young ladies, at 44 Sixth St. south. 

In addition to these the city has three medical schools, seven Catholic 
parochial schools and convents, two schools under Episcopalian manage- 
ment, three under different societies of the Lutheran Church, and three. 
Kindergarten estabishments, the latter constantly growing in public favor. 



NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 



^Il HE journalism of Minneapolis is represented by three daily news- 
\f I y* pfipei's, eighteen weeklies and nine monthlies. 

• The tendency in the daily journalism of the city has been toward 

a limited number of first-class, enterprising and well-supported papers 
rather tban a multiplication of issues of inferior character, small circula- 
tion and trifling influence. 

The Daily Minnesota Tribune, the only morning paper of the city, is a 
metropolitan journal of the first-class, having eight pages of the size and 
form of the New York Times and Chicago Tribune. Established only in 
1880, it has promptly taken its place in the front rank of great American 
dailies, and its enterprise, ability and elevation of tone, have given it 
merited influence throughout the Northwest. It also maintains in the 
neighboring city of St. Paul a numerous corps of editors, reporters and 
business employes, and has a large circulation in that city, as well as over 
its entire field from central Wisconsin to the Rocky Mountains. The 
Tribune employs special representatives in Milwaukee, Chicago, New 
York, Washington and London, and has a special local correspondent in 
every important city and town in the Northwest. The proprietors have 
entered upon the enterprise of erecting a Tribune building, to occupy the 
northeast corner of Fourth Street and First Avenue, South, to be six 
stories in height, fire proof, to embody all the best architectural features 



104 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

of modern newspaper publishing offices, and to be equipped with the 
latest and fastest presses. 

The Evening Journal, the oldest afternoon paper of the city, and the 
leading one in the State, was founded in 1880, and has attained a marked 
degree of success and large circulation. It also maintains a St. Paul 
deiJartment, and covers the two cities with its circulation. It has the 
exclusive use of the afternoon Associated Press dispatches for Minneapolis. 

The Evening News, started in 1883, is a bright and enterprising journal 
more strictly local in its scojje and purjiose. It xises the dispatches of the 
United Press Association. 

The Daily Pioneer Press and the Daily Globe, of St. Paul, respectively 
maintain editorial and business offices in Minneapolis and have a circula- 
tion in this city. 

LIST OF WEEKLY PAPERS. 

Farmers Union and Weekly Tribune. 

Saturday Spectator. 

Hennepin County Mirror. 

Mississippi Valley Lumberman and Manufacturer. 

Temperance Review. 

Minneapolis Weekly. 

Northwestern Miller. 

Tourist and SjDortsman. 

Celtic World. 

Freie Presse. 

The Free Baptist. 

Sunday Morning Call. 

Svenska Folkets Tidniug. 

Unsi Kotimaa. 

Budstikken. 

Folkebladet 

Canadian American. 

Democrat. 



MONTHLIES. 



The Housekeeper. 

The Homestead. 

The Minnesota Farmer. 

The Wood and Iron. 

Minnesota Journal of Education. 

Monthly Tourist and Sportsman. 

Bibelbudet. 

Mechanical World. 



Lihmries. 105 



LIBRARIES. 






^TIF^HE origin of the only Library Association that Minneapolis 

[j-'^xo possesses, dates back to the beginning of the year 1860, when 
[^yJ^:^ "The Mimieapolis AtJiencmm''^ v/as organized. Its history, up 
to the present date, has been one of steady development in the line of its 
original purpose. Starting with less than 300 books at its birth, it now 
catalogues over 14,000 volumes, covering every department of literature 
and science, and affording an invaluable resource to the general or special 
student. It maintains a reading-room, furnished with the best periodicals, 
and in which any book contained in the Library can be read or referred 
to, free of charge. Certain reference books are only used in this manner, 
no removal of them being permitted. 

The general catalogue is open to transient or regular subscribers at all 
times. Upon dajjosit of .$2.00, any book can be taken from the Library 
and retained for two weeks at a trifling fee per diem. Subscribers are 
allowed the use of two books at one time, at an annual rate. The Library 
is in charge of a Librarian and assistant, appointed by the officers and 
Directors of the Association. The rooms of the Association are at 217 
Hennepin Avenue. 

The library of 15,000 volumes attached to the State University has been 
■already alluded to. This, through the medium of a reading-room, is open 
to the general public. It is the largest collection of volumes in the State. 

The city has need of more extensive library advantages, and it is to be 
hoped that the organization of a Minneapolis Public Library is an event 
of the near future. 



SCIENCE. 




^HE MINNESOTA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE is the 

onl} association of the Kind in Minneapolis. It was organized 
dzj^l:^ ^^ 1^^3 ^"d li^s maintained a prosperous existence every since. 
Its object, in common with that of similar institutions in the United 
-States, is "to observe and investigate natural phenomena; to make collec- 
tions of specimens illustrating the various departments of science; to 



106 Hand-Book nf Minneupolls. 

name, classify, and preserve the same; and to discuss such questions as 
shall coma within the province of the Academy." 

The rooms of the Academy are at 110 Hennepin Avenue, upstairs, in 
what is known as Kelly's block. 

During the year the Academy holds monthly meetings, occurring on the 
Tuesday following the first Monday in the month. Its membership is 
about one hundred and fifty. Its officers are; A. F. Elliott, president; 
W. E. Leonard, vice-j^resident ; C. W. Hall, secretary; and N. H. Hemiup, 
treasurer, with a Board of nine Trustees, The bulletins of the Academy 
have been published annually and now form two printed volumes. The 
bulletin for 1882 is now in j^ress. The collections and library are in the 
rooms of the Academv, at the above address. 



MUSIC AND MUSICAL SOCIETIES. 




HE recent May Festival, in Minneapolis, under the leadership 
of Theodore Thomas, with its home chorus of two hundred 
SiT^'^ voices, attests the possibilities which careful training of the 
lattent musical talent of the city may realize, and opens up to the city a 
future for the cultivation of music which will eventually place it on a par 
with the chief musical centres of the United States. The one great 
obstacle to negotiations for the visits of great musical artists, as well as to 
the maturing of home choral talent, is the lack of any building suited to 
concert purpose*. 

The musical organization, among those existing in Minneapolis, which 
possesses the highest order of musical power and gives evidence of the 
most thorough discipline and training, in the mastery of a high grade of 
music, is Danz's Military Band and Orchestra. 

Among choral societies. The Mendelssohn Club — with its auxiliary. The 
Madrigal Chorus — occupies the first place. The Club consists entirely of 
male voices, whilst The Chorus is of mixed character. The Apollo Club is a 
male quartette of some local celebrity. The Harmonia and Frohsin 
Societies are under German management. One Norwegian and two Swed- 
ish societies complete the number of organized musical bodies. Special 
attention is paid to the teaching of music in the common schools, and 
private as well as public instruction in the city is carried to an unusu- 
ally advanced stage. 



WATERING PLACES 

AND 

SLiinmer Eesorts 

Near Minneapolis. 




^ ARGE numbers of the residents of almost every American City 



are annually compelled by the unfortunate demands of failing 
^ health, over-wrought nervous systems, or prevailing fashion, to 
seek a change of scene or climate in some pleasure-resort or watering- 
place, at a distance from their homes. 

The citizens of Minneapolis, however, are fortunately relieved from this 
oftentimes disagreeable necessity by the existence, in the immediate 
vicinity of the City, of a system of lakes beautifully adapted to every pur- 
pose of health, ease and pleasure. A single half-hour's journey will suffice 
to bring them within reach of all the material advantages possible to an 
inland watering-place, combined with the one absolutely essential element 
of a healthful and invigorating summer climate. 

LAKES CALHOUN, HAERIET AND MINNETONKA. 

The nearest of these to the center of the City are Lakci^ Calhuvn and 
Harriet, embraced within the City limits. These are both small but 
beautiful pieces of water, less than a mile apart, with regular, sloping,, 
wooded shores, and sand and gravel beaches, affording am23le and com- 
modious camping grounds. 

LAKE CALHOUN, however, although visited daily by large numbers 
of people, is not much occupied for camping purposes, partly owing to 
the lack of that seclusion which is found elsewhere, and partly to its 
present depopulation of 'fish. 

Its most prominent feature is the Lyndale Hotel, which, after being 

( 107 ) 



108 Hand- Book of Minneapolh. 

largely rebuilt and extended, has been reopened the present season, and is 
now an attractive residence for summer guests. 

LAKE HARRIET has a larger supply of fish, and is surrounded by a 
number of cottages, and a small colony of camps. 

LAKE MINNETONKA.— Far surpassing these smaller lakes in extent 
and beauty, and of far greater importance to the City, is the favorite 
summer resort of the Northwest, Lake Minnetonka. 

This beautiful lake may be accounted as practically a suburb of Minne- 
apolis, lying, as it does, only fifteen miles to the southwest, and supi^orted, 
as it mainly is, by Minneapolis citizens. 

Its greatest length is eighteen miles, and its width from one to five miles. 
It is divided into two main portions, the Upper and the Lower Lakes, 
linked together by a slender channel, called the Narrows. Its shore-line 
is remarkably indented, forming a series of picturesque bays, and having 
an estimated length of nearly three hundred miles. 

A rich forest growth approaches, throughout the greater part of its 
extent, to the shore-line, and lends a new element of beauty to its varied 
scenery. Here and there upon the banks, small villages have sprung up, 
whose growth has been fostered by the erection of summer cottages and 
large hotels in their near neighborhood. These villages will be further 
noticed in detail. 

A large number of cottages and villas, dotting the shores or the Lake, 
have been built and are occupied by citizens, not only of Minneapolis, but 
of many neighboring States. Their artistic forms, and bright, harmoni- 
ous colors, add to the beauty with which nature has so richly endowed 
the place. 

Even more numerous, and not less picturesque in their eflFect, are the 
white spots of canvas which mark the tents of transient or less permanent 
visitors, who realize, in the most approved manner, the merits of camp-life. 

A majority of summer visitants from points outside Minnesota are 
annually quartered at the many hotels, where have sprung up at various 
points, to meet the deman'ds of custom, and the location of which will be 
further noted. 

A HEALTH RESORT. 

Many of these visitors come to Minnetonka from all parts of the country 
in search of renewed health, and there are few places in America which 
can boast of more favorable conditions for their encouragement. All that 
cjimate can do for the majority of these cases of impaired vitality, in the 
many forms, may be expected of the air of Minnesota, under conditions so 
favorable to its energyzing influence, as may be obtained, at will, in the 
out-of-door life possible at Lake Minnetonka. 



110 



Hand- Book of Minneapolis. 



Sufferers, especially from throat and chest diseases in their earlier stages 
of development^ will realize the remarkable benefits to be obtained from the 
dry, bracing quality of the atmosjohere, aided by the improved hygiene of 
tent-living. 




The proximity of Minneapolis makes it possible to combine the com. 
forts and conveniences of City life with the advantages peculiar to the 
country. The railroads connecting with the Lake villages provide for the 
transmission of materials, and the local dealers supply dairy products 



Watering F/ricm and Summer Resaiis. 



Ill 



and vegetables, of excellent quality, direct from the neighboring farms, 
delivering the same at the tents or cottages at ruling and reasonable 
prices. 

Grounds for camping purposes, together with tent materials, are leased 
by the owners ujjon reasonable terms. 

LAKE TILLAGES. 

The principal villages situated on the banks of Minnetonka are. Excel- 
sior, Wayzata, and Mound City. 




EXCELSIOR was one of the earliest settlements in the State, having 
been colonized in 1852 and incorisorated in 1879. It rests upon the south 
shore of the Lake, about eighteen miles from the City. It is reached by 
the Minneapolis ct St. Louis and the Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka 
Railroads, is a main terminus for the large Steamboats on the Lake, and has 
postal, telegraph and telephone communications with the City. It pos- 
sesses good business, school and church advantages, some of the best 
hotels and boarding places, of medium size, on the Lake, and excellent 
camping grounds. It enjoys the distinction of being free from saloons. 



112 II<ind-B<i,)k of MiimeapoUK. 

WAYZATA is situated on the north side of the Lake, and is fifteen- 
miles distant from the city. It is reached by the St. Paul, MinueajDolis 
and Manitoba Railway. 

Although but half the size of Excelsior, it is in some respects more 
popular; a fact due largely to the surrounding cluster of summer cottages, 
and the maintenance of a more active sporting and yachting interest. 

The village has two good hotels, and communicates by mail, telegraph, 
and telephone with Minneapolis. 

MOUND CITY is a little place situated upon the Upper Lake, of which 
it has a fine outlook. It is visited by the steamers, and has a post-office, 
hotel, etc. 

THE PKINCIPAL HOTELS. 

The principal hotels of Lake Minnetonka are so essentially a feature of 
the place, and add so much by their architectural beauty, to its natural 
attractions, that they are deserving of mention as matters of public interest. 

THE LAKE PARK HOTEI- lies about a mile to the north of Excelsior,, 
upon what is known as the " Minnetonka Lake Park." The latter is, in 
itself, a beautiful peninsula, to which the towers and frontage of the hotel 
add grace of form and harmony of color. 

The hotel, which is surrounded by several handsome summer cottages, 
is fourj^stories in height, sixty feet wide and 400 feet long. It has ample 
accommodations for nearly 500 people. 

The steamers stop at the Lake Park landing upon each regular trip. 

THE HOTEL LAFAYETTE stands upon a peninsula known as " Min- 
netonka Beach." The view, of which it forms a picturesque part, and the 
equally fine prospect from its own towers, are among the most beautiful 
ujDon the Lake. The Hotel was built in 1882, and enlarged during the 
present season, by the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Eailway Com- 
pany. It has now a frontage of 800 feet, a height of four stories, and a 
capacity for accommodating nearly 1,000 guests. The railroad has a 
station at the hotel, and the steamboats a dock, which they visit upon 
each regular trip. 

THE HOTEL ST. LOUIS occupies an equally fine point of ground, and 
is only second to the Lake Park and the Lafayett6 in capacity. It is- 
placed upon the southern shore of the Lake, in a retreating curve of 
land enclosing a large bay; and lies upon high wooded grounds. The 
roof of the building commands a wide and beautiful prospect. It has 
300 feet of frontage, and a height of three stories. It can furnish nearly 
200 rooms. The Minneapolis & St. Louis R. R. has a station within a 
short distance of the hotel, and the steamers find a ready approach to it. 



WideviiKi Pldccs and Stiium:')' Uesoi'tS. 



113 




A number of smaller hotels eujoy a leading reputation as successful 
hostelries, but jJcssess no special architectural features to draw attention 
to them. 



114 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

LAKE STEAMBOATS. 
Two large side-wheel steamers, one of smaller capacity, and six small 
propellers ply constantly about Lake Minuetonka. The larger boats 
make regular trips to all the main points ujjon the lake shore, and connect 
with the reailroad trains at Excelsior and Wayzata. Several steamers run 
between the stations on the Lower Lake and the hotels on the Upper Lake 
for the accommodation of transient daily visitors. The small propellers 
can be chartered for special trips at the direction of the party emjjloying 
ihem. 

The steamer "City of St. Louis" is a fine side-wheeler, carrying 800 
passengers. 

The steamer "Belle of Minnetonka" is built upon a similar plan, but is 
considerably larger, having a carrying capacity of 2,000. 

Both of these boats have a restaurant in which meals are regularly 
served. 

The round trip of the Lake is some thirty miles in length. 

WHITE BEAE LAKE AND MINNEHAHA. 

>VHITE BEAR LAKE, situated on the line of the St. Paul and Duluth 
Railway, about twelve miles from Minneapolis, is a miniature of Lake 
Minuetonka of the most perfect order. It is improved, principally, by 
citizens of St. Paul, who have surrounded it with handsome summer cot- 
tages. It has two first-class hotels, a good business connection, and a few 
private boarding places. 

It is probably destined to gain a wide reputation as the meeting-ground 
of an Assembly organized upon the plan of the far-famed Chatauqua 
Assembly, for which a large tract on the north shore of the Lake has been 
bought. 

THE FALLS OF MINNEHAHA, the " laughing-water" of Longfellow's 
verse has won so wide a fame that anything more than a passing reference 
to its beauties is unnecessary. 

The Falls are situated about six miles from the City Hall, and some 
two miles beyond the city limits, a little to the southeast of the city, and 
on the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul K. R. They are 
supplied by Minnehaha Creek, the outlet of Minnetonka and smaller lakes 
surrounding the south and southwestern portions of the city. They are 
fifty feet in height and the rocks over which the water falls have undergone 
a recession similar to that observed at the Falls of St. Anthony. 

Always picturesque, they are peculiarly so in the winter season when 
the formation of ice about the cataract adds a stranger beauty to the 
scene than is ordinarily its own. 



Boating, Fishing, Hunting, Etc. 115 

BOA.TING, FISHING, HUNTING, ETC. 



.N a section of country so rich in lakes and rivers as the neighbor- 
hood of Minneapolis the ojDportunities of the sportsman are 
practically inexhaustible, and the field of his enjoyment is unusu- 
ally large and varied. 

BATHING is so ordinary a pleasure that it is altogether unnecessary 
to give any hints concerning its exercise. 

At all the principal lakes, and especially at Minnetonka, bathing houses 
are kept for hire and in connection with the large hotels, and bathing 
suits can also be obtained. The beaches are generally well adapted to 
this purpose and the water is delightfully fresh and pure. 

BOATING in all its forms is amply provided for upon the lakes. Fleets 
of sailing vessels and row-boats are kept for renting purposes at Wayzata, 
Excelsior, Mound City, and one or two minor points, upon Lake Minne- 
tonka. The hotels at this and other resorts provide row-boats for the 
use of their guests. 

Yachting is a very popular sport upon the neighboring waters, and a num- 
ber of regattas are held during the season, at Minnetonka and White Bear. 

A successful and enthusiastic canoe-club, with a membership, for the 
most part, of Minneapolis gentlemen, is maintained at Lake Minnetonka 
Tpith headquarters at the club boat-house on Excelsior Beach. 

Steamboating has been already referred to upon an earlier page. Excel- 
lent opportunities are afforded at Excelsior for the formation of private 
excursions in small parties, and moonlight excursions are of frequent 
occurrence during the summer weeks. 

FISHING AND HUNTING are naturally allied topics and may be con- 
sidered together. 

The waters, streams and forests within easy reach of the cities of 
Minneapolis and St. Paul, afford ample sport to satisfy the most insatiable 
hunter or fisherman. Within a few hours ride of either city, almost any 
variety of game may be secured in the proper season, whilst the supply of 
fish shows no perceptible diminution, save in very limited waters, from 
year to year. 

As especially concerning sportsmen who are resident or visiting in 
Minneapolis, the opportunities only of the immediate surroundings of the 
City will be mentioned. 

There is hardly a lake or a stream within one or two hours ride that 
will not afford an excellent quality of fishing. 

The best waters are undoubtedly those of Lake Minnetonka. If the 
fisherman is unfamiliar with its bays and inlets, his best course is to obtain 
the services of an experienced boatman who can direct his sport and 



116 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 

relieve him of muoli of the drudgery of boating, striugiug, etc. With 
this assistance, he will undoubtedly achieve much more satisfactory 
results than unaided he could possibly obtain. 

Pickerel, black and rock bass, croppies and sun-fish, are the varieties to 
be met with at Minuetonka and in most of the neighboring lakes. 

White Bear Lake also affords a large supply of wall-eyed pike. 

The regular track of the steamboats must of course be avoided, and the 
preference given to the more sheltered bays and coves in outlying situations. 
Trolling is very successful in the capture of pickerel. Still fishiug i& 
accomplished with minnows and small frogs. 

The woods surrounding the more sequestered portions of Lake Minue- 
tonka abound with pheasants, rabbits and black and gray squirrels. An 
occasional deer is shot during the winter season. 

At the onset of cold weather, the bays of Minuetonka and the small 
lakes surrounding it will afford the best of water-fowl shooting. Large 
numbers of wookcock may be taken, in season, along the banks of the 
Minuetonka River above the junction at Fort Snelling. In the country to 
the north of White Bear Lake, duck may be found in abundance. 

The railroads of Minnesota are accustomed to transport one hundred 
pounds weight of camp furnishings, with dogs, guns, tackle, other 
apparatus, and game, free of charge. The owners of live animals are 
expected to provide for their jjroper care 

The following synopsis of the game laws of the State of Minnesota may 
be useful to the visiting sportsman: 

THE GAME LAWS OF MINNESOTA. 

The following are the dates to which the destruction of game and fish 
of various kinds is limited: — Woodcock, July 4th to November 1st; Quail 
(Partridge), Pinnated Grouse (Prairie Chicken), Ruffled Grouse (Phea- 
sant), September 1st to December 1st; Elk and Deer, November 1st to 
December 15th; Water Fowl, September lat to May 15th; Brook Trout, 
April 1st to October 1st; Harmless birds, their eggs, or nests may not be 
destroyed; Wild Pigeons, Blackbirds and game are not included among, 
harmless birds. 

Exportation of all game, excejst Pheasants, is forbidden. 

The possession of game in hand or in transit beyond the prescribed 
season is competent evidence for c Duviction of a violation of the law 

Anyone entering fields of growing crops with dogs or hunting imple- 
ments, without permission of the owner, is liable to a penalty for trespass. 

The spearing or capture of fish in any other way than with hook and 
line is absolutely prohibited, except in the waters of Lake Superior and 
the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers. 



Thirty-Second Annual Meeting 

OF THE 

American issociatlou &•• tiiexidvaiiceiiietor Scie 

At Minneapolis, Aug. 15 to 21, 1883. 



SPECIAL INFORMATION FOR THE USE OF MEMBERS 
OF THE ASSOCIATION. 




r HE Thirty-second Anuual Meeting of the Association will com- 



mence at ten o'clock a. m., Wednesday, August 15th, 1883. The 
W^^ headquarters of the Association will be at the University of 
Minnesota; the hotel headquarters will be at the Nicollet House, on 
Washington avenue, between Nicollet and Hennepin avenues. The gen- 
eral sessions and the meetings of the Sections and Committees will be at 
the State University. 

The retiring address of President J. W. Dawson will be given at the 
Westminster Church on Nicollet avenue, on Wednesday evening. 

The Reception by the Local Committee will be held at the Nicollet 
House on Wednesday evening, after the address of President Dawson. 

Post-office, telegraph and telephone facilities will be found at the main 
University building. Letters may be addressed to members after August 
12th, at Mmneapolis, care of the A. A. A. S., and they will be delivered 
from the office of the Local Committee at the University. 

By the courtesy of the Western Union Telegraph Company, social and 
personal messages will be transmitted free for members during the 
session of the Association. 

Each member will be given a numbered badge which he is exjaected to 
wear during the meeting. The members of the Local committee will have 
a distinguishing badge. 



118 Hand-Book of 3Iiiineapolis. 

Hacks and omnibuses that bear the initials A. A. A. S., will carry mem- 
bers at reduced rates to and from the University, and between hotels and 
the depots. 

A daily luncheon will be served by the Local Committee in a temporary 
building on the University campus. Tickets of admission to this will be 
obtained daily at the office of the Local Committee at the University, or 
at the door. 

The annual meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricul- 
TUEAL Science will be held in Minneapolis on August 13th and 14th, in 
the Agricultural College building, of the State University. 

A special meeting of the Cambridge Entomological Club will be held 
in Minneapolis, at the Chapel of the University, at two p. M., on Tuesday, 
August 14th, to which meeting all members and other persons interested 
in entomology are invited. 

Excursions will be made as follows: 

To Minnetonka and return Saturday afternoon, August 18th. A lawn 
picnic will be served at the Lake Park Hotel. 

If a party of 150, or more, desire to make an excursion to Winnipeg and 
return at one-half of regular fare, the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba 
railway will send a special train for their accommodation. 

The following reduced rates will be charged to Members at the hotels of 
the city and vicinity: 

Nicollet House, per day, S3. 00; without dinner, $2.00. Meal tickets for 
members can be obtained at the rate of twenty-one meals for S12.50. This 
hotel -will be very much crowded, but if notice be given of friends who 
will room together, a large number can be accommodated. 

St. James Hotel, Washington avenue south, per full day, S2.00; without 
dinner, $1.50. Day board per week, $6.00 and rebate for dinner. Twenty- 
one meal tickets for $6.00. 

National House, Washington avenue south, per full day, $2.00; without 
dinner, $1.50. 

Clark House, corner Hennepin avenue and Fourth street, per full day, 
•12.00; without dinner, $1.50. 

Bellevue House, Washington avenue north, per full day, $2.00; without 
dinner, $1.50. 

Lake Park Hotel, at Lake Minnetonka, south side, 12.50 per day includ- 
ing dinner. 

Hotel Lafayette, at Lake Minnetonka, north shore, $2.50 per day, 
including dinner at 6 p. m. 

St. Louis Hotel, at Northome on Lake Minnetonka, east end, $2.50 per 
day, including dinner at 6 p. m. 

White House, Excelsior, on Lake Minnetonka, $1.50 without dinner. 



S]iecl<d Information. 119 

Lyndale Hotel, at Lake Calhouu, S2.50 j^er day, iucJuding dinner 
at 6 p. m. 

Excelsior House, per full day, S2.50; without dinner, $1.50. 

Members who attend will be favored with reduced railroad rates of travel 
according to the following list. In order to obtain these privileges they 
must be supplied with certificates of membership from the Permanent 
Secretary : 

Burlington, Cedar Rapid8& Northern Railway Return members at one-fifth fare. 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Trunk line pool agreement. 

Boston & Albany Railroad '■ " " 

Chicago & . -I orth western Railway Return members at one-fifth fare. 

Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Railway " '• '* 

Chicago, St. Paul. Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad 

Chicago, Rock li^land & Pacific Railroad " '• " 

Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati &. Indianapolis R'y Regular round trip tickets. 

Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway ) '^'^^fonfenficltt^'' "^ ''"^ '"''^ one-third 

Fitchburg Railroad Trunk line agreement. 

Grand Trunk Railway -* F''°°i ^^^ station to Chicago and return at 

* one and one-third fare on certihcate. 

Illinois Centrail Railroad No reduction from regular round trip rates. 

Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western R'y " " " ■'• 

Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis R'y " " " " 

Louisville. New Albany & Chicago R'y " " " " 

Louisville & Nashville Railway " " " " 

Lake Superior Transit Company No reduction. 

Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway Return members at one-fifth on certificate. 

Northern Pacific Railroad Return members free on certificate. 

New York Central Railroad Trunk line agreement. 

New York Lake Erie & Western •' " " 

Ohio & Mississippi Railway } ° hy comJItin^fineT'''^' ''''^^''^ ^^^^'^ °'*'*^ 

Peoria, Decatur & Eastern Railroad Return members at one-third on certificate. 

Pennsylvania Company (P., Ft.W. & C.;. ..Regular round trip rate to and from Chicago. 

Rock Island & Peoria Railroad -* Same as competing lines ; return mem- 

I bers at one-fifth fare. 

St. Paul & Duluth Railroad Return at one fifth fare on certificate. 

St. Louis & St. Paul Packet Company Return at one-third fare on certificate. 

St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Return members free on certificete. 

The railroads to lake Minnetonka will carry members, bearing their cer-- 
tiflcate, free, between Minneapolis and their stations on lakes Minnetonka 
and Calhoun. 

The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railroad will leave members at 
Wayzata and at Hotel Lafayette. 

The Minneapolis and St. Louis Eailroad will carry members to the St. 
Louis Hotel and to the Lake Park Hotel, also to the hotels at Excelsior. 

The Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railroad (narrow gauge) will 
bring members to the Lyndale Hotel at lake Calhoun, and the hotels at 
Excelsior. 

These suburban hotels are about twelve miles from Minneapolis, and 
trains run frequently on all the roads, making the distance in about thirty 
minutes. 



120 



Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 



TIME TABLE OF TRAINS BETWEEN MINNEAPOLIS 
AND LAKES MINNETONKA AND CALHOUN. 



ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA EAILROAD. 
GOING WE8T. 




GOING EAST. 



LEAVES AS FOLLOWS. 



Spring Park 

Hotel Lafayette 

Wayzata 

Minneapolis 

East Minneapoli 



5fK 


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P.M. 


P.M. 




AM. 


A.M. 


A M. 


P.M 




645 


7.45 


8.45 


12.45 


4 45 






6.55 


7.55 


8 55 


12.55 


4.55 




6.25 


7.05 


8.05 


9 05 


l.O". 


5.05 


5..58 


7.(10 


7 30 


8 30 


9,30 


1.30 


5 30 


6.30 


7.05 


7 35 


8.35 


9.35 


1.35 


5.35 


6.35 






P.M. 

10 35 
10.45 
10.55 
11.20 
11.25 



MINNEAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
TO THE LAKE. 



STATIONS. 


Daily 


Daily 


Daily 


Daily 
Except 
Siindav 


Daily 


Tuesday 
Wed. and 
Saturday 




A.M. 


A.M. 


A.M. 


P.M. 


P.M. 


P.M. 


Minneapolis Leave 

Minnetonka Mills.... 
Northome (Hotel St L) 

Fairview " 

Solberg's Point 

Excelsior.. " 


7.15 

7 50 
7.59 
8.05 
8.1,9 
8.11 

8 14 
8.18 


9.30 
10.00 
10.05 
10.15 
10.19 
10.23 
10.27 
10.31 


11 50 
PM12.20 
12.29 
12.35 
12.39 
12.41 
12.44 
12.48 


4.00 
4.35 
4.45 

""*i!55 ■ 

5.00 


5.45 
6.15 
6.25 
6.. 30 
6.31 
6.37 
6.40 

.... 


7.15 
7.45 

7.55 
8.(H_) 
8.04 
8 08 


Park Junction 

Lake Park Arrive 


8.11 

8 15 









FROM THE LAKE. 



STATIONS. 


Daily 


Daily 
Except 
SutiHp'- 


Daily 


Daily 


Daily 


Tuesaay 
Wed. and 
«-.<-nrflay 




A.M. 


A.M. 


A.M. 


P.M. 


P.>'. 


P.M. 


Lake Park Leave 


7.05 
7.08 
7.12 
7.15 
7.19 




8 45 
8.49 
8.. 53 
8.. 57 
9.00 
9.05 
9.15 
9.45 


2.. 50 
t.U 
2.. 58 
3.0i 
3.05 
3.10 
3.20 
3.55 


5.28 
5.32 
5.36 
5.40 
5.43 
5.48 
5.58 
6.28 


10 45 


Park Junction 


"kVso" 

10.33 


10.49 
10.53 
10.57 

11. a) 


Solberg's Point 

Fairview " 


Northome (Hotel St L) 


10.38 
10.51 
11.35 


11 05 


Minnetonka Mills.... 
Minneapolis Arrive 


7.33 

8.02 


11.15 
11.45 



Railroad Time Tables. 



121 



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122 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 



ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF TRAINS. 
TIME TABLE. 

CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. 
HASTINGS & DAKOTA DIVISION. 

TRAIN. TIME. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Aberdeen at 6 :30 A. M. 

6:25 P. M. 

Leaves " for " 7:00 A.M. 

7:36 P. M. 

IOWA & DAKOTA DIVISION. 

TRAIN. TIME. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Mitchell at 7 :05 P. M. 

Leaves " for " 8 :00 A. M. 

6:00 P.M. 

MAIN LINE RIVER, DIVISION. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Chicago at 7 :00 A. M. 

3:10 P. M. 

Leaves " for " 12 :00 Noon. 

7:00 P.M. 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL MINNEAPOLIS & OMAHA. 
MAIN LINE. 

TRAIN. TIME. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Chicago at 7 :00 A. M. 

3:10 P.M. 

Leaves " " " 12 :00 Noon. 

7 :00 P. M. 

ST. PAUL & DULUTH RAILWAY. 

TRAIN TIME. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Duluth at 7:55 A. M. 

5:45 P. M. 

Leakes " for " 8:10 A.M. 

6:00 P. M. 



Railroad Time Tables. 123 

ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & OMAHA KAIL WAY. 

TKAIN. TIME. 

Arrives at Minueajjolis from Fargo, Grand Forks, and Brecken- 

ridge at 7 :00 A. M. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Fargo, Grand Forks and Brecken- 

ridge at 6:45 P. M. 

Leaves Minneapolis for Fargo, Grand Forks and Breckenridge 

at , 8:00 A. M. 

Leaves Minneapolis for Fargo, Grand Forks and Breckenridge 

at 7:45 P. M. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from St. Vincent at 6 :45 A. M. 

6:10 P. M. 

Leaves '■ for " 8 :45 A. M. 

« " " 9 :30 P. M. 

NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. • 



TRAIN TRAIN. 

Arrives at Minneapolis from Bismarck at 7 :30 A. M. 

Leaves " for " 9:10 P.M. 

Arrives " frcm Portland, and New Tacoma via. 

Helena, Mandan, Bismarck and Fargo 7:00 P. M, 

Leaves Minneapolis for Portland and New Tacoma via. the 

9:25 P.M. 

MINNEAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 

TRAIN. TIME. 

Leaves Minneapolis for Chicago 7:40 A. M. 

- " 7:00P. M. 

" " St. Loiiis and Des Moines 7:40 A. M. 

3:10 P. M. 



124 



Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 























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Committees and Sub-Committees. 



12& 



OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL COMMITTEE AND 
OF THE SUB-COMMITTEES. 



GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



Hon. G.A.Pillsbury, r'A'r'ft. Gen. A. B, Nettleton. 



Prof. N.H Winchell, Secy. 
Hon. George A. Brackett. 
Hon. A. C. Rand. 
Hon. John De Laittre. 
W. W. McNair. Esq. 
Hon. John S. Pills bury. 
Dr. W. W. Folwell. 
Mr. Charles W. Johnson. 



Hon. W. D. Washburn 
Mr. T. B. Walker. 
Hon. O. C. Merriman. 
Hon Eugene M. Wilson. 
Mr. E. V. White. 
Mr. H. T. Welles. 
Hon. H. G. Hicks. 
Thomas Lowry, Esq. 



Mr. Winthrop Young. 
Hon. William S. King. 
David Blakely, Esq. 
Hon. R. B. Langdon. 
Supt. D. L. Kiehle. 
I. C. Seeley, Esq 
Mr. Anthony Kelly. 
Dr. A. F. Elliott. 
Hon. F. W. Brooks. 



COMMITTEE OF ALDERMEN FKOM THE CITY COUNCIL. 



M. W. Glenn, Chairman. 
F. L. Greenleaf . 



E. Eichhorn. 
N H. Roberts. 
Matthew Waist 



E. M. Johnson. 
S. P. Chaunell. 



SUB-COMMITTEE ON INVITATION AND RECEPTION. 



Dr.W.W.Folwell, Chairman. 

Mr. D. C. Bell. 

Hon.E.M. Wilson. 

Mr. Samuel Hill. 

Mr. CM. Loring. 

Hon. C. A. Pillsbury. 

Hon. A. A. Ames, (.Mayor.) 

Hon. J. B. Gilfillan. 

Rev. J. H. Tuttle. 

Hon. H. G. Hicks. 

Gen. A. B. Nettleton. 

Rev. James McGolrick. 

Bishop Cyrus D. Foss. 

Mr. C.McC. Reeve. 

Dr. George F. French. 

Dr. C. L. Wells. 

V. 8. Ireys, Esq. 

Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker. 

Mr. R.E. Grimshaw. 

Hon. A. C. Rand. 

S. C. Gale, Esq. 

W. W. McNair, Esq. 

C. A. Van Anda.D. D. 

Mr. O. A. Pray. 

Judge C. E. Vanderburg. 

Mr. B. F. Nelson. 



Roberts. Innes, Esq. 
Dr. H. H. Kimball 
I. C. Seeley, Esq. 
Mr. R. J. Mendenhall, 
Mr. S. A. Harris. 
Prof. S.Qftedal. 
Dr. W. H. Leonard. 
Mr. C. F. Hatch. 
Mr. Fred Hooker. 
Judge \\illiam Lochren- 
Hon D. Morrison. 
Mr. N. F. Griswold. 
Mr. J. W. Griffin. 
Mr. T. B. Casy. 
Rev. H. C Woods. 
J.. B. Atwater, Esq. 
Mr. W. E. Burwell. 
Mr. Winthrop Young. 
Rev. Robert Forbes. 
Mr. R. C. Benton. 
Judge John P. Rea. 
Rev. R. F. Sample, 
Col. William McCrory. 
Mr. G. A. Wheaton. 
Mr. J.T. Elwell. 
Mr. C. H. Prior. 



Mr. T. F. Andrews. 
Hon. R B. Langdon. 
Mr. J. N. Nind. 
Hon. R. Chute. 
Hr. George H. Christian. 
R. G. Hutchins. D.D. 
Judge A. H. Young. 
Mr. George A. Camp. 
Mr. Clinton Morrison. 
Judge J. M. Shaw. 
Capt. J. C. Whitney. 
Hon. Loren Fletcher. 
Mr. John Crosby. 
Judge G. B. Cooley. 
Mr. J. H. Clark. 
Prof. Jabez Brooks. 
Mr. W. H. Hinkle. 
Capt. J. N. Cross. 
Mr. G. H. Clinton. 
Mr. A 0. Loring. 
Mr. C. W. Johnson. 
Hon. O. C. Meriiman. 



ladies' RECEPTION COMMITTEE. 



Mrs.J. 8. Pillsbury, Ch-rm'n. Mrs. W. W. Folwell. 
Mrs. Richard Chute. Mrs. J. B. Gilfillan. 

Miss Maria Sanford. Miss Addie Pillsbury. 

Mrs. N. H. Winchell. Mi.ss Emily McMillan. 



Mrs. L. W. Campbell. 
Mrs. F C- Barrows. 
Miss Lettie Crafts. 
Miss Addie Camp. 



SUB-COMMITTEE ON ROOMS AND PLACES OF MEETING. 



Hon. E. M. Wilson, Ch'nn'n. Mr. C. W. Johnson. 
Hon. R. B. Langdon. Mr. Anthony Kelly. 

Dr. A. F. Elliotb. 



Hon. C. M. Loring. 
Prof. J. A. Dodge. 



126 



Hand-Book of Minneapolis. 



SUB-COMMITTEE ON ENTERTAINMENT, HOTELS, LUNCHEONS AND LODGINGS. 



Hon. A. C. Rand, Chairman, 
Mr. R. F. Jones. 
Stephen Mahonj , Esq. 
Hon Geo. A. Brackett. 
George H. Fletcher, Esq. 
Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor. 
Mr.T. B.Walker. 
Col. R. S. Innes. 



Dr. Charles Simpson. 
Mr. W. M. Tenney. 
Fred Lathrop, Esq. 
Dr. A. W. Abbott. 
Mr. Wesley Neil. 
Mr. J. F. Collum. 
T. E. Byrnes, Esq. 
Prof. William J. Warr 



Dr. Charles R. Chute. 
E. Chatfield. Esq. 
Hon. D. L. Kiehle. 
Prof. J. F. Downey. 
Mr. C. C. Sturtevant. 
Dr. P. L. Hatch. 



-COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. 



I. C. Seeley. Esq., Chairman. J. W- Perkins, Esq. 
Mr. H. G. O- Morrison. Mr. S. B. Lovejoy. 

Mr. N- F. Griswold. Judge Francis Bailey. 

Mr. O. T. Swett. Mr. Albert Hastings. 

Hon. Josiah Thompson, Jr. 



Frank H. Carleton, Eaq. 
Hon. H. T. Welles. 
Mr. F. W. Brooks. 
Mr. Isaac McNair. 



SUB-OOMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND ADVERTISING. 



Mr. David Blakely, Ch'rnin. Gen, A. B. Nettleton. 
Mr. C. A. Nimocks. 



Hon. W. S. King. 
Prof. C. W. Hall. 



SUB-COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND EXCURSIONS. 



Thos. Lowry, Esq.. CK'rni'n. Mr. John Crosby. 
Hon. W. D. Wasnburn. Mr. W. H. Hinkle. 



Maj. C. F. Hatch. 
Mr. E. V. White. 



Hon. J. S. Pillsbury. 
Mr. Llewellyn Christian. 
Hon. J. B. Bassett. 



Mr. C.H. Prior. 
Mr. A. H. Bode. 
Mr. W. H. Truesdale. 
Col. William McCrory. 



G-feAiSHc 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




016 085 257 4 



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